Difference between revisions of "Cleveland Browns"

Revision as of 00:54, 11 November 2017

Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox television

Star Trek: The Animated Series (originally known simply as Star Trek but also known as The Animated Adventures of Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek) is a 1973 animated science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe following the events of Star Trek: The Original Series of the 1960s. The animated series was aired under the name Star Trek, but it has become widely known under this longer name (or abbreviated as ST: TAS or TAS) to differentiate it from the original live-action Star Trek. The success of the original live action series in syndication, and fan pressure for a Star Trek revival, led to The Animated Series from 1973–1974, as the source of new adventures of the Enterprise crew, the next being the 1979 live-action feature film Star Trek: The Motion Picture.

The Animated Series was the original cast's last episodic portrayal of the characters until the "cartoon-like" graphics of the Star Trek: 25th Anniversary computer game in 1992,^[1] as well as its sequel Star Trek: Judgment Rites in 1993, both of which appeared after the cast's last movie together in 1991's Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. The series was critically acclaimed and was the first Star Trek series to win an Emmy Award when its second season won the 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Entertainment – Children's Series.^[2]

Voice casting

The series featured most of the original cast voicing their characters, except for Pavel Chekov (Walter Koenig), who was omitted because the show's budget could not afford the complete cast. He was replaced by two animated characters who made semi-regular appearances: Lieutenant Arex, whose Edosian species had three arms and three legs; and Lt. M'Ress, a female Caitian. Besides performing their characters Montgomery Scott and Christine Chapel, James Doohan and Majel Barrett also performed the voices of Arex and M'Ress, respectively.

Initially, Filmation was only going to use the voices of William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, DeForest Kelley, Doohan, and Barrett. Doohan and Barrett would also perform the voices of Sulu and Uhura. Nimoy refused to lend his voice to the series unless Nichelle Nichols and George Takei were added to the cast—claiming that Sulu and Uhura were of importance as they were proof of the ethnic diversity of the 23rd century and should not be recast. Nimoy also took this stand as a matter of principle, as he knew of the financial troubles many of his Star Trek co-stars were facing after cancellation of the series.^[3]

Koenig was not forgotten, and later wrote an episode for the series, becoming the first Star Trek actor to write a Star Trek story. Koenig wrote "The Infinite Vulcan", which had plot elements from the original Star Trek episode "Space Seed" blended into it.

As is usual with animation projects, the voice actors did not perform together but recorded their parts separately to avoid clashing with other commitments. For example, William Shatner, who was touring in a play at the time, recorded his lines in whatever city where he happened to be performing and had the tapes shipped to the studio. Doohan and Barrett, besides providing the voices of their Original Series characters and newcomers Arex and M'Ress, performed virtually all of the "guest star" characters in the series, except for a few notable exceptions such as Sarek, Cyrano Jones and Harcourt Fenton Mudd, who were performed by the original actors from The Original Series. Other occasional guest voice actors were also used, including Ed Bishop (Commander Straker on UFO) who voiced the Megan Prosecutor in "The Magicks of Megas-tu", and Ted Knight who voiced Carter Winston in "The Survivor". Nichelle Nichols also performed other character voices in addition to Uhura in several episodes, including "The Time Trap" and "The Lorelei Signal".

Episodes

Season 1 (1973–74)

Template:Episode table

Season 2 (1974)

Template:Episode table

File:ST-The AS.jpg

The characters of TAS.

Similar to most animated series of the era, the 22 episodes of TAS were spread out over two brief seasons, with copious reruns of each episode. The director of the first season (16 episodes) was Hal Sutherland and Bill Reed directed the six episodes of season two.

All of this series' episodes were novelized by Alan Dean Foster and released in ten volumes under the Star Trek Logs banner. Initially, Foster adapted three episodes per book, but later editions saw the half-hour scripts expanded into full, novel-length stories.

Star Trek: The Animated Series was the only Star Trek series not to be produced with a cold open ("teaser"), instead starting directly with the title credits sequence. However, some overseas versions of the original live action series, such as those aired by the BBC in the U.K. in the 1960s and 1970s, were edited to run the teaser after the credits.

The series' writing benefited from a Writers Guild of America, East strike in 1973, which did not apply to animation.^[4] A few episodes are especially notable due to contributions from well-known science fiction authors:

"More Tribbles, More Troubles" was written by David Gerrold as a sequel to his episode "The Trouble With Tribbles" from the original series. Here Cyrano Jones is rescued from the Klingons, bringing with him a genetically altered breed of tribbles which do not reproduce but do grow extremely large. (It is later discovered that these are really clusters of tribbles who function as a single tribble, and it is decided that the large numbers of smaller tribbles are preferable to the larger ones.) The Klingons, because of their hatred of tribbles, are eager to get Jones back because he stole a creature they created: a predator called a "glommer" that feeds on tribbles.
"Yesteryear" is a time-travel episode in which Mr. Spock uses "The Guardian of Forever", a time gateway from the original series episode "The City on the Edge of Forever", to travel back to his own childhood. This is the only animated Trek episode written by original series and later Next Generation writer D. C. Fontana. This was the first actual appearance of Spock's pet sehlat, first mentioned in "Journey to Babel" and finally named I-Chaya in this episode. One element from Yesteryear that has become canon by depiction within Star Trek: The Original Series is the Vulcan city of ShiKahr, depicted in a background scene wherein Kirk, Spock and McCoy walk across a natural stone bridge (first depicted in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock) in the remastered "Amok Time". Elements of Spock's childhood from "Yesteryear" are also referenced in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Unification" as well as the 2009 Star Trek feature film.
Larry Niven's "The Slaver Weapon", adapted from his own short story "The Soft Weapon". It includes some elements from his Known Space mythos such as the Kzinti and the Slavers. This is the only Kirk-era TV or movie story in which Kirk did not appear. This episode is also the only animated one in which characters are shown dying or being killed.

File:12.5.12GeorgeTakeiByLuigiNovi15.jpg

Actor George Takei autographing an original animation cel from the series at Midtown Comics in Manhattan.

Novelties in the series

In the original Star Trek series, the title character was given the name James T. Kirk. It wasn't until the animated series that writer David Gerrold replaced the "T", giving us Captain James Tiberius Kirk. It was purely coincidental that he chose "Tiberius" (on Gene Roddenberry's first series The Lieutenant, the principal character was William Tiberius Rice). According to Gerrold, he had been influenced by I, Claudius, and had approached Roddenberry with his choice of middle name, but it wasn't until 2014 that he learned of its earlier use.^[5]

The animated series introduced a three-armed, three-legged alien member of the bridge crew with a long neck named Arex and a cat-like alien crew member named M'Ress.

The USS Enterprise in this series, while supposedly the same ship as from the original series, had a holodeck similar to the one introduced in Star Trek: The Next Generation, which was set about eighty years later. It only appeared once, in Chuck Menville's "The Practical Joker", and was known as the "Rec Room". This feature was originally proposed for the original series^[6] but was never used.

A personal force field technology known as the life support belt was seen only in Star Trek: The Animated Series. In addition to supplying the wearer with the appropriate atmosphere and environmental protection, it permitted the animators to simply draw the belt and yellow glow around the existing characters, instead of having to redraw them with an environmental suit. A version of the life support belt later appeared in an early Star Trek: The Next Generation novel, The Peacekeepers, where they were referred to as "field-effect suits".

The episode "The Lorelei Signal" provides a rare instance in early Star Trek in which a female took (temporary) command of a starship. Due to the male crew members being incapacitated, Uhura assumes command of the Enterprise from Scotty. Other instances occurred on the first and last adventures ever filmed in the original series:

"The Cage", in which Number One took command after the abduction of Captain Christopher Pike, and
"Turnabout Intruder", in which Dr. Janice Lester took over the body of Captain Kirk and assumed command.

"The Lorelei Signal" and "The Infinite Vulcan", the latter written by Walter Koenig, are rare occurrences where Captain Kirk comes close to actually saying, "Beam me up, Scotty" (long erroneously believed to be a Star Trek catchphrase), when he commands "Beam us up, Scotty." Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home arguably comes closer to it by having Kirk say "Scotty, beam me in".

An anti-pollution public service announcement was created for nonprofit Keep America Beautiful featuring the ST:TAS characters and original cast voices. In the ad, the Enterprise encounters the "Rhombian Pollution Belt".^[7] The ad ran during Saturday morning network programming during the series' run.

The animated series also dispensed with the original series' theme music, composed by Alexander Courage, in favor of a new theme credited to Yvette Blais and Jeff Michael (actually Filmation composer Ray Ellis, working under a pseudonym). This has never been publicly explained; one possible explanation is that the producers wished to avoid having to pay royalties for using the original theme.

Canon issues

Template:Main article At the end of the first season of Star Trek: The Next Generation, all licenses for Star Trek spin-off fiction were renegotiated, and the animated series was essentially "decanonized" by Gene Roddenberry's office. Writers of the novels, comics and role-playing games were prohibited from using concepts from the animated series in their works.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn}} Among the facts established within the animated series that were called into question by the "official canon" issue was its identification of Robert April as the first captain of the USS Enterprise in the episode "The Counter-Clock Incident".

The Star Trek Chronology by production staffers Michael Okuda and Denise Okuda does not include the animated series, but does include certain events from "Yesteryear" and acknowledges Robert April as first captain of the Enterprise.{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfn}} The timeline in Voyages of the Imagination dates the events of the series to 2269–2270, assuming the events of the show represented the final part of Kirk's five-year mission, and using revised Alan Dean Foster stardates. In the updated October 1999 edition of their book: The Star Trek Encyclopedia: A Reference Guide to the Future, Michael and Denise Okuda state that: Template:Quotation

David Gerrold, who contributed two stories to TAS, stated in an interview his views on the canon issue:

Template:Quotation

Writer-producer D. C. Fontana discussed the TAS Canon issue in 2007:

Template:Quotation

Since Roddenberry's death in 1991, and the subsequent firing of Richard H. Arnold (who vetted the licensed tie-ins for Roddenberry's Star Trek office at Paramount during its later years), there have been several references to the animated series in the various live-action series. In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Once More Unto the Breach", Kor referred to his ship, the Klothos, which was first named in the TAS episode "The Time Trap". Other DS9 episodes to make reference to the animated series include "Broken Link", where Elim Garak mentions Edosian orchids (Arex is an Edosian) and "Tears of the Prophets" where a Miranda-class starship is called the USS ShirKahr (sic) after ShiKahr, the city from "Yesteryear". In the episode "Prophet Motive" where the title of healer is resurrected from "Yesteryear" as well. Vulcan's Forge is also mentioned in "Change of Heart", in which Worf wants to honeymoon there with Jadzia Dax, as well as in episodes "The Forge", "Awakening" and "Kir'Shara" from Star Trek: Enterprise.

The Star Trek: Enterprise episodes "The Catwalk" and "The Forge" included references to "Yesteryear", the latter featuring a CGI rendition of a wild sehlat. The remastered Original Series episode "Amok Time" featured ShiKahr in the background as Spock beams up at the episode's end,^[8] and the remastered version of "The Ultimate Computer" replaced the Botany Bay-style Woden with an automated grain carrier from "More Tribbles, More Troubles."

The 2009 film Star Trek also references "Yesteryear", featuring a nearly identical scene in which a young Spock is confronted by several other Vulcan children, who bully and provoke him for being part human.

Carter Winston, from "The Survivor", has a small but important role late in the 1984 tie-in novel The Final Reflection by John M. Ford. In recent years, references to The Animated Series have also cropped up again in the licensed books and comics. M'Ress and Arex, characters from the animated series, appear in the Star Trek: New Frontier novels by Peter David, in which M'Ress and Arex are transported through time to the 24th Century, and are made officers on board the USS Trident. (David's previous use of these characters, in TOS movie-era comics published by DC Comics, had been ended by Gene Roddenberry's office.)^[9]

A race introduced in the episode "The Jihad", represented by a character named M3 Green, is named the Nasat in the Starfleet Corps of Engineers e-book novellas. These stories feature a regular Nasat character, P8 Blue. The Vulcan city of ShiKahr also appears in many books. Paula Block, then of CBS Consumer Products, was responsible for approving proposals and all completed manuscripts for the licensed media tie-ins and granted many such uses of TAS material since Roddenberry's death.

Amarillo Design Bureau has—as part of its license for the Star Fleet Universe series of games—incorporated many aspects of The Animated Series into its works, not least being the inclusion of the Kzinti, although in a modified form. In addition FASA used elements from The Animated Series in its sourcebooks and modules for its Star Trek role-playing game.

Star Trek: Enterprise producer Manny Coto has commented that had the show been renewed for a fifth season, the Kzinti would have been introduced.^[10] Starship designs were produced which closely resemble the Kzinti/Mirak ships from the Star Fleet Universe, a gaming universe that includes the boardgame Star Fleet Battles and its PC analogue Star Fleet Command.

On June 27, 2007, Star TrekTemplate:'s official site incorporated information from The Animated Series into its library section,^[11] clarifying, finally, that the animated series is part of the Star Trek canon. Both David Gerrold and D. C. Fontana have stated that the animated series is essentially the fourth season that fans wanted originally.^[12]

Reception

Star Trek: The Animated Series was named the 96th best animated series by IGN. They declared that although the series suffered from technical limitations, its format allowed the writers far greater freedom and creativity than was possible in the original live-action series.^[13]

Home video

Template:Refimprovesect

The complete series was first released in the USA on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989. For the UK, seven volumes (1x4 episodes and 6x3 episodes on PAL VHS) from CIC Video completed the series (Released in 1992 in the UK). Although CIC-Taft Australia negotiated an Australasian release, they did not proceed with their plans.
A boxed set of the complete series on LaserDisc was released for the US market in 1990, then re-released in 1997.
A Region 1 (USA) DVD box set of the show was released on November 21, 2006, and has since been released internationally for other Regions. It was the last series of Paramount's Star Trek television franchise to be released to DVD.
The series was added to Netflix streaming on September 2, 2011.^[14]
A Blu-ray release in HD was released as part of the "STAR TREK 50th Anniversary TV and Movie Collection" in the USA on September 6, 2016.
A standalone Blu-ray release was released on November 15, 2016.

References

↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
↑ Star Trek: TAS – Awards
↑ Template:Cite book
↑ Template:Cite book
↑ Silverman, D. S. (2015). Always bring phasers to an “animated” canon fight: Star Trek’s animated adventures on Saturday mornings. In D. Brode & S. Brode (Eds.) Gene Roddenberry’s Star Trek: The original cast adventures. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. Template:ISBN
↑ see, e.g., Gerrold, The World of Star Trek
↑ Template:Cite av media
↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
↑ Star Trek, Series II issue #1 lettercol, DC Comics, September 1989
↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
↑ Silverman, D. S. (2015). "Always Bring Phasers to an 'Animated' Canon Fight: Star TrekTemplate:'s Animated Adventures on Saturday Mornings". In D. Brode & S. Brode (Eds.) Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek: The Original Cast Adventures. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. Template:ISBN
↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}

Bibliography

Template:Refbegin

Template:Refend

External links

Template:Commons category

Template:Memoryalpha article

{{#invoke:URL|url|1=http://memorybeta.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Animated_Series%7C2=Star Trek: The Animated Series}} at Memory Beta
{{#invoke:URL|url|1=http://www.startrek.com/page/star-trek-the-animated-series%7C2=Star Trek: The Animated Series}} at StarTrek.com
{{#invoke:URL|url|1=http://www.startrekanimated.com/tas_main.html%7C2=StarTrekAnimated.com}}
{{#invoke:URL|url|1=http://tas.trekcore.com%7C2=Star Trek: The Animated Series}} at TrekCore.com
{{#invoke:URL|url|1=http://www.danhausertrek.com/AnimatedSeries/Main.html%7C2=Guide to the Animated Star Trek}} at danhausertrek.com
{{#invoke:URL|url|1=http://www.ex-astris-scientia.org/tas.htm%7C2=Star Trek: The Animated Series}} at Ex Astris Scientia
{{#invoke:URL|url|1=http://andorfiles.blogspot.com/2009/10/toon-trek.html%7C2=Toon Trek: References to TAS in the Licensed Tie-ins}}
{{#invoke:URL|url|1=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/arts/television/03vinc.html%7C2=Star Trek, the Forgotten Frontier: 1970s Animation}}, New York Times DVD review

Template:Star Trek: The Animated Series Template:Star Trek navbox Template:Star Trek TOS Template:Gene Roddenberry Template:Children's programming on NBC in the 1970s Template:Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Series

Template:Authority controld

[1] {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}

[2] Star Trek: TAS – Awards

[3] Template:Cite book

[4] Template:Cite book

[5] Silverman, D. S. (2015). Always bring phasers to an “animated” canon fight: Star Trek’s animated adventures on Saturday mornings. In D. Brode & S. Brode (Eds.) Gene Roddenberry’s Star Trek: The original cast adventures. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. Template:ISBN

[6] see, e.g., Gerrold, The World of Star Trek

[7] Template:Cite av media

[8] {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}

[9] Star Trek, Series II issue #1 lettercol, DC Comics, September 1989

[10] {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}

[11] {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}

[12] Silverman, D. S. (2015). "Always Bring Phasers to an 'Animated' Canon Fight: Star TrekTemplate:'s Animated Adventures on Saturday Mornings". In D. Brode & S. Brode (Eds.) Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek: The Original Cast Adventures. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. Template:ISBN

[ign100-13] {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}

[14] {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}

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Difference between revisions of "Cleveland Browns"

Revision as of 00:54, 11 November 2017

Contents

Voice casting

Episodes

Season 1 (1973–74)

Season 2 (1974)

Novelties in the series

Canon issues

Reception

Home video

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Redirect|TG-16|the U.S. Air Force training glider|DG Flugzeugbau DG-1000}}
+{{refimprove|date=July 2014}}
-{{About|the video game console|the upcoming Kanye West album of the same name|Kanye West discography}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2016}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2013}}
-{{Infobox information appliance
+{{Infobox television
-| name         = TurboGrafx-16 / PC Engine
+| show_name          = Star Trek: The Animated Series
-| title        = TurboGrafx-16<br />PC Engine
+| image              = TAS title.jpg
-| aka          =
+| camera             =
-| logo         = [[File:TurboGrafx16logo.jpg|70px]]<br />[[File:PC Engine logo.png|120px]]
+| picture_format = {{Plainlist|
-| image        = [[File:TurboGrafx16-Console-Set.jpg|240px|The TurboGrafx-16]]<br />[[File:PC-Engine-Console-Set.jpg|250px|The PC Engine]]
+* {{small|'''Original broadcasts:'''}}
-| caption      = Western markets model (top) and the original Japanese system (bottom).
+* [[480i]] ([[4:3]] [[SDTV]])
-| developer    =
+* {{small|'''[[#Blu-Ray|Blu-Ray Release:]]'''}}
-| manufacturer = [[NEC|NEC Home Electronics]]<br />[[Hudson Soft]]
+* [[1080p]] (4:3 [[HDTV]])
-| family       =
+}}
-| type         = [[Home video game console]]s
+| audio_format       = [[Monaural]]
-| generation   = [[Fourth generation of video game consoles|Fourth generation]]
+| runtime            = 24 minutes
-| releasedate  = {{vgrelease|JP|October 30, 1987<ref name="PC-Engine UK">http://www.pc-engine.co.uk/?section=systems</ref>|NA|August 29, 1989|FRA|November 22, 1989|UK|1990|SPA|1990}}
+| creator            = [[Gene Roddenberry]]
-| lifespan     =
+| based_on           = {{Based on|''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]''|Gene Roddenberry}}
-| price        =
+| developer          =
-| discontinued = {{vgrelease|FRA|Spring 1993|NA|May 1994|JP|December 16, 1994}}
+| director           = {{Plainlist|
-| unitssold    = Worldwide: 5.8 million<ref name="Sekimoto">{{cite news |title=ウィークエンド経済　第765号　あの失敗がこう生きた [Weekend Economics Issue 765. That Mistake Lived On.] |work=Asahi Shinbun (Evening Edition) |location=Osaka, Japan |date=December 1, 2001 |language=Japanese }}</ref><br>Japan: 3.9 million
+* [[Hal Sutherland]] {{small|(season 1)}}
-| unitsshipped =
+* Bill Reed {{small|(season 2)}}
-| media        = [[HuCard]], [[CD-ROM]] (only with the CD-ROM² add-on)
+}}
-| os           =
+| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
-| power        =
+* [[Gene Roddenberry]]
-| soc          =
+* [[D. C. Fontana]]
-| cpu          = [[Hudson Soft HuC6280]]
+}}
-| memory       =
+| producer           = {{Plainlist|
-| storage      =
+* [[Norm Prescott]]
-| memory card  =
+* [[Lou Scheimer]]
-| display      = <u>Resolution</u>:<br />- max. 565×242<br />- majority: 256×239<br /><u>Colors</u>:<br />- available: 512 (9-bit)<br />- onscreen: max. 482<br />(241 background, 241 sprite)
+}}
-| graphics     =
+| company            = {{Plainlist|
-| sound        =
+* [[Filmation]]
-| input        =
+* [[Norway Corporation|Norway Productions]]
-| controllers  =
+* [[Paramount Television Service]]
-| connectivity =
+}}
-| platform     =
+| distributor        = [[CBS Television Distribution]]<ref>"Star Trek: The Animated Series".     CBS.com.      http://www.cbs.com/shows/star_trek_animated/</ref>
-| service      =
+| voices             = {{Plainlist|
-| dimensions   = 14 cm×14 cm×3.8&nbsp;cm<br />(5.5 in×5.5 in×1.5 in)
+* [[William Shatner]]
-| weight       =
+* [[Leonard Nimoy]]
-| topgame      =
+* [[DeForest Kelley]]
-| compatibility=
+* [[James Doohan]]
-| predecessor  =
+* [[Nichelle Nichols]]
-| successor    = [[SuperGrafx]] (upgraded)<br>[[PC-FX]]
+* [[George Takei]]
-| related      =
+* [[Majel Barrett]]
-| website      =
+}}
+| narrated           =
+| opentheme          =
+| endtheme           =
+| country            = United States
+| language           = English
+| network            = [[NBC]]<ref>"Animated Star Trek: Series Background".    Danhausertrek.com.     http://www.danhausertrek.com/AnimatedSeries/Bgd.html</ref><ref>Idiotbox Watcher.   "'Star Trek'...True Space Oddity".    Movie Pilot.    7 September 2016.      https://moviepilot.com/p/why-star-trek-animate-series-matters/4077280</ref>
+| first_run          =
+| first_aired        = {{Start date|1973|9|8}}
+| last_aired         = {{End date|1974|10|12}}
+| num_episodes       = 22
+| num_seasons        = 2
+| list_episodes      = #Episodes
+| preceded_by        = ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]''
+| followed_by        = ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]''
+| related            = [[Star Trek#Television series|''Star Trek'' TV series]]
+| website            = http://www.startrek.com/page/star-trek-the-animated-series
+| website_title      = The Animated Series at StarTrek.com
 }}
-The '''TurboGrafx-16 Entertainment SuperSystem''', known in Japan and France as the {{nihongo|'''PC Engine'''|PCエンジン|Pī Shī Enjin}}, is a [[home video game console]] jointly developed by [[Hudson Soft]] and [[NEC|NEC Home Electronics]], released in Japan on October 30, 1987 and in the United States on August 29, 1989. It also had a limited release in the United Kingdom and Spain in 1990, known as simply '''TurboGrafx''' and based on the American model, whilst the Japanese model was imported and distributed in France in 1989. It was the first console released in the [[History of video game consoles (fourth generation)|16-bit era]], albeit still utilizing an 8-bit [[CPU]]. Originally intended to compete with the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES), it ended up competing with the [[Sega Genesis]], and later on the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES).
-The TurboGrafx-16 has an 8-bit [[CPU]], a 16-bit video color encoder, and a 16-bit [[video display controller]]. The [[GPU]]s are capable of displaying 482 colors simultaneously, out of 512. With dimensions of just 14&nbsp;cm×14&nbsp;cm×3.8&nbsp;cm (5.5 in×5.5 in×1.5 in), the Japanese PC Engine is the smallest major home game console ever made.<ref>''Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition'' (2008)</ref><ref name="Nintendo Life">{{cite web|author=Damien McFerran |url=http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2012/11/feature_the_making_of_the_pc_engine |title=Feature: The Making Of The PC Engine|publisher=''Nintendo Life'' |date=November 2, 2012}}</ref> Games were stored on a [[HuCard]] cartridge, or in [[CD-ROM]] optical format with the TurboGrafx-CD add-on.
+'''''Star Trek: The Animated Series''''' (originally known simply as '''''Star Trek''''' but also known as ''The Animated Adventures of Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek'') is a 1973 [[animation|animated]] [[science fiction on television|science fiction television series]] set in the ''[[Star Trek]]'' universe following the events of ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' of the 1960s. The animated series was aired under the name '''''Star Trek''''', but it has become widely known under this longer name (or abbreviated as ''ST: TAS'' or ''TAS'') to differentiate it from the original [[live-action]] ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]].'' The success of the original live action series in syndication, and fan pressure for a ''Star Trek'' revival, led to ''The Animated Series'' from 1973–1974, as the source of new adventures of the ''Enterprise'' crew, the next being the 1979 live-action feature film  ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''.
-The TurboGrafx-16 failed to break into the North American market and sold poorly, which has been blamed on inferior marketing.<ref name="Gamasutra">{{cite web|author=Christian Nutt |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/225466/stalled_engine_the_turbografx16_.php?print=1 |title=Stalled engine: The TurboGrafx-16 turns 25 |publisher=''Gamasutra''}}</ref> However in Japan the PC Engine was very successful, where it gained strong third-party support and outsold the [[Famicom]] at its 1987 debut, eventually becoming the [[Super Famicom]]'s main rival.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|author=Paul Sartori |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/apr/02/turbografx-16-machine-that-time-forgot |title=TurboGrafx-16: the console that time forgot (and why it's worth re-discovering) |publisher=''[[The Guardian]]'' |date=April 2, 2013}}</ref> Lots of revisions - at least 17 distinct models - were made, such as portable versions and a [[CD-ROM]] add-on.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/feb/27/why-kanye-west-right-recommend-turbografx-16-console</ref> An enhanced model, the [[PC Engine SuperGrafx]], was intended to supersede the standard PC Engine, but failed to break through and was quickly discontinued. The entire series was succeeded by the [[PC-FX]] in 1994, only released in Japan.
+The Animated Series was the original cast's last episodic portrayal of the characters until the "cartoon-like" graphics of the [[Star Trek: 25th Anniversary (computer game)|''Star Trek: 25th Anniversary'' computer game]] in 1992,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventureclassicgaming.com/index.php/site/reviews/91/ |title=Star Trek: 25th Anniversary – Review – Adventure Classic Gaming – ACG – Adventure Games, Interactive Fiction Games – Reviews, Interviews, Features, Previews, Cheats, Galleries, Forums |publisher=Adventure Classic Gaming |accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> as well as its sequel ''[[Star Trek: Judgment Rites]]'' in 1993, both of which appeared after the cast's last movie together in 1991's ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]''. The series was critically acclaimed and was the first ''Star Trek'' series to win an [[Emmy Award]] when its second season won the 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Entertainment – Children's Series.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069637/awards ''Star Trek: TAS'' – Awards<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-== History ==
+==Voice casting==
-The TurboGrafx-16 or PC Engine was a collaborative effort between [[Hudson Soft]], who created video game software, and [[NEC]], a major company which was dominant in the Japanese [[personal computer]] market with their [[PC-88]] and [[PC-98]] platforms. NEC's interest in entering the lucrative video game market coincided with Hudson's failed attempt to sell designs for then-advanced graphics chips to [[Nintendo]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Video Game Trader Magazine |url=http://www.videogametrader.com/2009/03/16/nec-the-hudson-bee-and-turbografx-16-from-japan-to-the-usa-a-turbocharged-competition/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717200000/http://www.videogametrader.com/2009/03/16/nec-the-hudson-bee-and-turbografx-16-from-japan-to-the-usa-a-turbocharged-competition/ |archivedate=July 17, 2011 |title=Video Game Trader #3, March 2008 |publisher=''Videogametrader.com'' |date=March 16, 2009 |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref> NEC lacked the vital experience in the video gaming industry so approached numerous video game studios for support. They eventually found that, by coincidence, Hudson Soft was also interested in creating their own system but needed a partner for additional cash. The two companies successfully joined together to then develop the new system.<ref name="Nintendo Life"></ref>
+The series featured most of the original cast voicing their characters, except for [[Pavel Chekov]] ([[Walter Koenig]]), who was omitted because the show's budget could not afford the complete cast. He was replaced by two animated characters who made semi-regular appearances: Lieutenant [[Arex (Star Trek)|Arex]], whose Edosian species had three arms and three legs; and Lt. [[M'Ress]], a female [[Caitian]]. Besides performing their characters [[Montgomery Scott]] and [[Christine Chapel]], [[James Doohan]] and [[Majel Barrett]] also performed the voices of Arex and M'Ress, respectively.
-The PC Engine finally made its debut in the Japanese market on October 30, 1987, and it was a tremendous success. By 1988 it outsold the Famicom year-on-year, putting NEC and Hudson Soft ahead of Nintendo in the market, and far ahead of [[Sega]]. The console had an elegant, "eye-catching" design, and it was very small compared to its rivals.<ref name="Gamasutra"></ref> This, coupled with a strong software lineup and strong third-party support from high-profile developers such as [[Namco]] and [[Konami]] gave NEC the lead in the Japanese market.<ref name="Nintendo Life"></ref>
+Initially, Filmation was only going to use the voices of [[William Shatner]], [[Leonard Nimoy]], [[DeForest Kelley]], Doohan, and Barrett. Doohan and Barrett would also perform the voices of Sulu and Uhura. Nimoy refused to lend his voice to the series unless [[Nichelle Nichols]] and [[George Takei]] were added to the cast—claiming that [[Hikaru Sulu|Sulu]] and [[Uhura]] were of importance as they were proof of the ethnic diversity of the 23rd century and should not be recast. Nimoy also took this stand as a matter of principle, as he knew of the financial troubles many of his ''Star Trek'' co-stars were facing after cancellation of the series.<ref>{{cite book|title=To the Stars: The Autobiography of George Takei|author=George Takei|publisher=Pocket Books}}</ref>
-In 1988 NEC wanted to sell the system to the American market, and directed its U.S. operations to do so. NEC Technologies boss Keith Schaefer formed a team to test the system out. One criticism they found was the lack of enthusiasm in its name 'PC Engine'. The team also felt its small size was not very suitable to American consumers who would generally prefer a larger and "futuristic" design. As a result they came up with the name 'TurboGrafx-16', a name representing its graphical speed and strength, and its 16-bit [[GPU]]. They also completely redesigned the hardware into a large, black casing. However the redesign process was lengthy, and NEC in Japan was still cautious about the system's viability in the U.S., both of which delayed the system's debut in the American market.<ref name="Gamasutra"></ref>
+Koenig was not forgotten, and later wrote an episode for the series, becoming the first ''Star Trek'' actor to write a ''Star Trek'' story. Koenig wrote "[[The Infinite Vulcan]]", which had plot elements from the original ''Star Trek'' episode "Space Seed" blended into it.
-The TurboGrafx-16 was eventually released in the [[New York City]] and [[Los Angeles]] [[test market]] in late August 1989. This came just two weeks after [[Sega]]'s [[Sega Genesis|Genesis]] test-market launch on August 14,<ref>Steven L. Kent, ''The Ultimate History of Video Games'', p. 413.</ref> which was distastrous timing for NEC as Sega of America didn't waste time redesigning the original Japanese Mega Drive system.<ref name="Gamasutra"></ref> The Genesis launch was accompanied by an ad campaign mocking NEC's claim that the TurboGrafx-16 was the first 16-bit console. Initially, the TurboGrafx-16 was marketed as a direct competitor to the [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] and early television ads touted the TG-16's superior graphics and sound. These ads featured a brief montage of the TG-16's launch titles: ''[[Blazing Lazers]]'', ''[[China Warrior]]'', ''[[Vigilante (video game)|Vigilante]]'', ''[[Alien Crush]]'', etc.
+As is usual with animation projects, the [[Voice acting|voice actor]]s did not perform together but recorded their parts separately to avoid clashing with other commitments. For example, William Shatner, who was touring in a play at the time, recorded his lines in whatever city where he happened to be performing and had the tapes shipped to the studio. Doohan and Barrett, besides providing the voices of their ''Original Series'' characters and newcomers Arex and M'Ress, performed virtually all of the "guest star" characters in the series, except for a few notable exceptions such as [[Sarek]], [[Cyrano Jones]] and [[Harcourt Fenton Mudd]], who were performed by the original actors from ''The Original Series''. Other occasional guest voice actors were also used, including [[Ed Bishop]] (Commander Straker on ''[[UFO (TV series)|UFO]]'') who voiced the Megan Prosecutor in "[[The Magicks of Megas-tu]]", and [[Ted Knight]] who voiced Carter Winston in "[[The Survivor (ST:TAS)|The Survivor]]". Nichelle Nichols also performed other character voices in addition to Uhura in several episodes, including "[[The Time Trap]]" and "[[The Lorelei Signal]]".
-Sega quickly eclipsed the TurboGrafx-16 after its American debut. NEC's decision to [[pack-in]] ''[[Keith Courage in Alpha Zones]]'', a Hudson Soft game unknown to western gamers, proved costly as Sega packed-in a port of the hit arcade title ''[[Altered Beast]]'' with the Genesis. NEC's American operations in [[Chicago]] were also overhyped about its potential and quickly produced 750,000 units, far above actual demand. Hudson Soft earned a lot from this as NEC paid Hudson Soft royalties for every hardware produced, whether sold or not. By 1990 it was clear that the system was performing very poorly and was severely edged out by Nintendo and Sega's marketing.<ref name="Gamasutra"></ref>
+==Episodes==
-After seeing the TurboGrafx-16 suffer in America, NEC decided to cancel their European releases. Units for the European markets were already produced, which were essentially US models modified to run on [[PAL]] television sets, and branded as simply '''TurboGrafx'''. NEC sold this stock to distributors - in the United Kingdom [[Telegames]] released the TurboGrafx in 1990 in extremely limited quantities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hudsonent.com/viewtopic.php?t=44&sid=f236051d12b1668bbdf7f5cf64646054 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929154917/http://hudsonent.com/viewtopic.php?t=44&sid=f236051d12b1668bbdf7f5cf64646054 |archivedate=September 29, 2011 |title=Hudson Entertainment – Video Games, Mobile Games, Ringtones, and More! |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=June 19, 2008 |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref> This model was also released in Spain and Portugal through selected retailers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://museo8bits.com/pcegine.htm |title=Nec PC Engine / Turbografx |date=September 1, 2000 |accessdate=January 26, 2016}}</ref> No PAL [[HuCard]]s were made, and instead the European system can play all American games without modifications, albeit with the necessary slowdown to 50Hz.
+===Season 1 (1973–74)===
+{{Episode table
+|background=#f17d0e
+|overall=1
+|season= 1
+|title=
+|aux1=
+|aux1T=[[Stardate|{{black|Stardate}}]]
+|director=
+|writer=
+|airdate=
+|country=U.S.
+|episodes=
-PC Engine consoles (as well as some of its add-ons) were imported from Japan by French unlicensed importer Sodipeng (''Société de Distribution de la PC Engine'', a subsidiary of [[Ubisoft|Guillemot International]]), from November 1989 to 1993.<ref>[http://gameblog.fr/blogs/adrameleck/p_19043_pubs-sodipeng-pc-engine-1990-91 Pubs Sodipeng Pc-engine (1990–91) – Le Adra's Blog ! – GAMEBLOG.fr<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This came after considerable enthusiasm in the French press. This PC Engine was largely available in France and [[Benelux]] through major retailers. It came with [[French language]] instructions and also an AV cable to enable its input to a [[SECAM]] television set. Its launch price was 1,790 [[French franc]]s (about 416 [[€]] as of 2013).<ref>http://www.retroblog.fr/tag/sodipeng/</ref>
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=1
+ |EpisodeNumber2=1
+ |Title=[[Beyond the Farthest Star (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|Beyond the Farthest Star]]
+ |Aux1=5221.3
+ |DirectedBy=[[Hal Sutherland]]
+ |WrittenBy=[[Samuel A. Peeples]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|9|8}}
+ |ShortSummary=While exploring on the outermost rim of the galaxy the [[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)|USS ''Enterprise'']] is pulled into the orbit of a dead star. Trapped there, the crew discovers that there is an ancient derelict pod ship trapped with them as well.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=2
+ |EpisodeNumber2=2
+ |Title=[[Yesteryear (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|Yesteryear]]
+ |Aux1=5373.4
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[D. C. Fontana]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|9|15}}
+ |ShortSummary=[[Spock]] must travel to the past to rescue his younger self from danger.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=3
+ |EpisodeNumber2=3
+ |Title=[[One of Our Planets Is Missing]]
+ |Aux1=5371.3
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[Marc Daniels]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|9|22}}
+ |ShortSummary=The ''Enterprise'' encounters a giant cloud creature that feeds on the energy of the planets that lie in its path. They determine it is heading for Mantilles, home to a [[United Federation of Planets|Federation]] colony governed by former Starfleet officer Bob Wesley (featured in the ST/TOS episode "[[The Ultimate Computer]])".
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=4
+ |EpisodeNumber2=4
+ |Title=[[The Lorelei Signal]]
+ |Aux1=5483.7
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[Margaret Armen]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|9|29}}
+ |ShortSummary=Investigating a sector of space where starships have disappeared every 27 years, the ''Enterprise'' finds a race of beautiful women living on the planet Taurus II.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=5
+ |EpisodeNumber2=5
+ |Title=[[More Tribbles, More Troubles]]
+ |Aux1=5392.4
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[David Gerrold]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|10|6}}
+ |ShortSummary=While the USS ''Enterprise'' escorts two robot cargo ships carrying quintotriticale, a new seed grain, to famine stricken Sherman's Planet, it encounters a [[Klingon]] battlecruiser pursuing a Federation scout ship. When the Enterprise rescues the pilot, the Klingons attack with a new energy weapon and demand that the pilot be handed over to them.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=6
+ |EpisodeNumber2=6
+ |Title=[[The Survivor (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|The Survivor]]
+ |Aux1=5143.3
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=James Schmerer
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|10|13}}
+ |ShortSummary=Patrolling near the [[List of Star Trek regions of space#Neutral Zone|Romulan Neutral Zone]], the USS ''Enterprise'' finds a ship manned by Carter Winston, a Federation citizen and philanthropist who has been missing for five years.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=7
+ |EpisodeNumber2=7
+ |Title=[[The Infinite Vulcan]]
+ |Aux1=5554.4
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[Walter Koenig]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|10|20}}
+ |ShortSummary=While visiting the newly discovered planet Phylos, [[Hikaru Sulu|Lt. Sulu]] picks up a walking plant, called a Retlaw, and is poisoned. The alien species that inhabit the planet, who are plantlike beings, approach and save Sulu's life.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=8
+ |EpisodeNumber2=8
+ |Title=[[The Magicks of Megas-tu]]
+ |Aux1=1254.4
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[Larry Brody]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|10|27}}
+ |ShortSummary=While exploring near the center of the galaxy, the USS ''Enterprise'' is caught inside an energy/matter vortex and all her computer systems fail. A being named Lucien appears on the bridge, repairs the ship's systems and takes the crew to explore his planet, Megas-Tu.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=9
+ |EpisodeNumber2=9
+ |Title=[[Once Upon a Planet]]
+ |Aux1=5591.2
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[Chuck Menville]] and [[Len Janson]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|11|3}}
+ |ShortSummary=The ''Enterprise'' crew revisits the "amusement park" planet first seen in the Classic ''Trek'' episode "[[Shore Leave (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Shore Leave]]" hoping for some rest and relaxation.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=10
+ |EpisodeNumber2=10
+ |Title=[[Mudd's Passion]]
+ |Aux1=4978.5
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=Stephen Kandel
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|11|10}}
+ |ShortSummary=The USS ''Enterprise'' receives orders to arrest Federation outlaw [[List of Star Trek characters (G–M)#M|Harry Mudd]], who is accused of selling fake love crystals. Intercepting Harry on the mining colony of Motherlode, they bring him aboard the ''Enterprise''.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=11
+ |EpisodeNumber2=11
+ |Title=[[The Terratin Incident]]
+ |Aux1=5577.3
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[Paul Schneider (writer)|Paul Schneider]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|11|17}}
+ |ShortSummary=While observing a burnt-out supernova, the USS ''Enterprise'' picks up a strange message transmitted in a two-hundred-year-old code.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=12
+ |EpisodeNumber2=12
+ |Title=[[The Time Trap]]
+ |Aux1=5267.2
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=Joyce Perry
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|11|24}}
+ |ShortSummary=While exploring the Delta Triangle, where many starships have disappeared, the USS ''Enterprise'' is attacked by several Klingon vessels. During the battle they are caught in an ion storm. The ''Enterprise'' and one Klingon battlecruiser are drawn into a spacetime vortex and end up in a timeless dimension.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=13
+ |EpisodeNumber2=13
+ |Title=[[The Ambergris Element]]
+ |Aux1=5499.9
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=Margaret Armen
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|12|1}}
+ |ShortSummary=While exploring the [[Ocean planet|water planet]] Argo, Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock are transformed into water breathers by the planet's undersea inhabitants, the Aquans. In order to return to their normal selves, they must enlist the help of the Aquans to capture a giant sur-snake, whose venom holds the antidote.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=14
+ |EpisodeNumber2=14
+ |Title=[[The Slaver Weapon]]
+ |Aux1=4187.3
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy={{StoryTeleplay|slabel=Adapted from the short story "The Soft Weapon" by|s=[[Larry Niven]]|tlabel=Written by|t=Larry Niven}}
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1973|12|15}}
+ |ShortSummary=In the shuttlecraft ''Copernicus'', Mr. Spock, Uhura, and Sulu are en route to [[Starbase]] 25 to deliver a stasis box—a rare artifact of the [[Thrint|Slaver]] culture when the Kzinti intervene.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=15
+ |EpisodeNumber2=15
+ |Title=[[The Eye of the Beholder (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|The Eye of the Beholder]]
+ |Aux1=5501.2
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=[[David P. Harmon]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1974|1|5}}
+ |ShortSummary=The disappearance of a scientific team lures the USS ''Enterprise'' to investigate near Lactra VII. The starship ''Ariel'' is located there, abandoned, with its captain having transported to the planet's surface.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=16
+ |EpisodeNumber2=16
+ |Title=[[The Jihad]]
+ |Aux1=5683.1
+ |DirectedBy=Hal Sutherland
+ |WrittenBy=Stephen Kandel
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1974|1|12}}
+ |ShortSummary=The USS ''Enterprise'' arrives at the Vedala asteroid, where Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock have been summoned to learn about a stolen religious artifact, the "Soul of the Skorr", whose theft could ignite a galactic holy war.
+ |LineColor=f17d0e
+}}
+}}
-[[File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-CD-FL.jpg|thumb|right|The TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine was the first video game console capable of playing CD-ROM games with an optional add-on.]]
+===Season 2 (1974)===
-NEC claimed that it had sold 750,000 TG-16 consoles in the United States, and 500,000 CD-ROM units worldwide, by March 1991.<ref name="cgw199106">{{cite news | url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1991&pub=2&id=83 | title=Celebrating Software | work=Computer Gaming World | date=June 1991 | accessdate=November 17, 2013 | pages=64}}</ref> That year NEC released the [[PC Engine Duo]] in Japan, a model which could play HuCards and CD-ROM² discs, making it the first game console with an integrated CD-ROM drive. The console was licensed to Turbo Technologies Incorporated, who released it in North America in 1992 as the [[TurboDuo]]. In addition to standard CD-ROM² format discs, the Duo could also play games in the newly introduced '''Super CD-ROM²''' format due to its greater RAM size (the TurboGrafx-16 and its CD player could support this new format only through the use of a separately available upgrade, the Super System Card, which TTI sold via mail order). The unit came into competition with the [[Sega CD]], which was released almost immediately after. Turbo Technologies ran [[comic book]] ads featuring [[Johnny Turbo]]. The ads mocked Sega, and emphasized that though the TurboDuo and Sega CD had the same retail price, the TurboDuo was a standalone platform and included five pack-in games, whereas Sega CD buyers needed to purchase separately sold games and a Genesis console before they could use the system.
+{{Episode table
+|background=#f3cb00
+|overall=1
+|season= 1
+|title=
+|aux1=
+|aux1T=[[Stardate|{{black|Stardate}}]]
+|director=
+|writer=
+|airdate=
+|country=U.S.
+|episodes=
-However, the North American console gaming market continued to be dominated by the Super NES and Genesis rather than the new CD-based consoles. In May 1994 Turbo Technologies announced that it was dropping support for the Duo, though it would continue to offer repairs for existing units and provide ongoing software releases through independent companies in the U.S. and Canada.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=At the Deadline|work=[[GamePro]]|issue=60|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|date=July 1994|page=172}}</ref>
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=17
-The TurboGrafx-series was the first video game console ever to have a contemporaneous fully self-contained portable counterpart, the PC Engine GT, known as [[TurboExpress]] in North America. It contained identical hardware and played identical game software (utilizing [[HuCard]] format game software).
+ |EpisodeNumber2=1
+ |Title=[[The Pirates of Orion]]
-The final commercialized release for the PC Engine was ''Dead of the Brain Part 1 & 2'' on June 3, 1999, on the Super CD-ROM² format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consolecity.com/games/action-game_info/game_id-26722.html |title=Dead of the Brain 1 & 2 |publisher=''Consolecity.com'' |date=June 3, 1996 |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref> The last game on HuCard format was ''21 Emon: Mezase! Hotel Ō'' on December 16, 1994.
+ |Aux1=6334.1
+ |DirectedBy=Bill Reed
-==Variations==
+ |WrittenBy=Howard Weinstein
-{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em;"
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1974|9|7}}
-|-
+ |ShortSummary=Spock contracts a fatal illness, and the cure can only be found with dangerous [[Orion (Star Trek)|Orion pirates]].
-| [[File:NEC-TurboExpress-Upright-FL.jpg|none|120px|PC Engine CoreGrafx with CD-ROM² and interface unit]]
+ |LineColor=f3cb00
-| [[File:PC Engine Duo-RX.jpg|none|120px|PC Engine Duo RX]]
+}}
-|-
+{{Episode list
-| style="width:120px;"| <center><small>The TurboExpress</small></center>
+ |EpisodeNumber=18
-| style="width:120px;"| <center><small>PC Engine Duo RX</small></center>
+ |EpisodeNumber2=2
-|-
+ |Title=[[Bem (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|Bem]]
-| [[File:PC Engine LT.jpg|none|120px|PC Engine LT]]
+ |Aux1=7403.6
-| [[File:Super CD-ROM2 with CoreGrafx II (3-4 right view).jpg|none|120px|CoreGrafx II with Super CD-ROM²]]
+ |DirectedBy=Bill Reed
-|-
+ |WrittenBy=David Gerrold
-| style="width:120px;"| <center><small>PC Engine LT</small></center>
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1974|9|14}}
-| style="width:120px;"| <center><small>PC Engine CoreGrafx II with Super CD-ROM²</small></center>
+ |ShortSummary=The ''Enterprise'' crew is taken captive by a race of primitives on a newly discovered planet.
-|}
+ |LineColor=f3cb00
-Many variations and related products of the PC Engine were released.
+}}
+{{Episode list
-===Core consoles===
+ |EpisodeNumber=19
-The '''PC Engine CoreGrafx''' is an updated model of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 8, 1989.<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> It has the same form factor as the original PC Engine, but has a black color scheme, and replaces the original's [[RF]] connectors with an A/V port. A recolored version of the model, known as the '''PC Engine CoreGrafx II''', was released on June 21, 1991.<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> Aside from the different coloring, it is functionally identical to the original CoreGrafx.
+ |EpisodeNumber2=3
+ |Title=[[The Practical Joker]]
-The '''[[PC Engine SuperGrafx]]''', released on the same day as the CoreGrafx in Japan,<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> is an enhanced variation of the PC Engine hardware with updated specs. This model has a second HuC6270A (VDC), a HuC6202 (VDP) that combines the output of the two VDCs, four times as much RAM, twice as much video RAM, and a second layer/plane of scrolling. The CPU, sound, and color palette were not upgraded, making the expensive price tag a big disadvantage to the system. As a result, only five exclusive SuperGrafx games and two hybrid games (''[[Darius (arcade game)|Darius Plus]]'' and ''[[Darius Alpha]]'' were released as standard HuCards which took advantage of the extra video hardware if played on a SuperGrafx) were released, and the system was quickly discontinued. Despite the fact that the SuperGrafx was intended to supersede the original PC Engine, its extra hardware features were not carried over to the later Duo consoles. The SuperGrafx has a BUS expansion port, but requires an adapter in order to utilize the CD-ROM² System add-on.
+ |Aux1=3183.3
+ |DirectedBy=Bill Reed
-The '''PC Engine LT''' is a model of the console in a [[laptop]] form, released on December 13, 1991 in Japan,<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> retailing at ¥99,800. The LT does not require a television display as it has a built-in flip-up screen and speakers, just as a laptop would have, but unlike the GT the LT runs on a power supply. Its expensive price meant that few units were produced compared to other models. It requires an adapter to use the Super CD-ROM² unit.
+ |WrittenBy=Chuck Menville
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1974|9|21}}
-===HuCard-only consoles===
+ |ShortSummary=A strange energy field causes the ''Enterprise'' computer to play [[practical joke]]s on the crew, but the humor soon turns to danger.
-The '''PC Engine Shuttle''' was released in Japan on November 22, 1989<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> as a less expensive model of the console, retailing at ¥18,800. It was targeted primarily towards younger players with its spaceship-like design and came bundled with a TurboPad II controller, which is shaped differently from the other standard TurboPad controllers. The reduced price was possible by the removal of the expansion port of the back, making it the first model of the console that was not compatible with the CD-ROM² add-on. However, it does have a slot for a memory backup unit, which is required for certain games.
+ |LineColor=f3cb00
+}}
-The '''PC Engine GT''' is a portable version of the PC Engine, released in Japan on December 1, 1990 and then in the United States as the '''[[TurboExpress]]'''.<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> It can only play HuCard games. It has a {{convert|2.6|in|mm|adj=on}} backlit, active-matrix color LCD screen, the most advanced on the market for a portable video game unit at the time. The screen contributed to its high price and short battery life, however, which dented its performance in the market. It shares the capabilities of the TurboGrafx-16, giving it 512 available colors (9-bit [[RGB]]), stereo sound, and the same custom CPU at 7.15909 [[megahertz|MHz]]. It also has a TV tuner adapter as well as a two-player link cable.
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=20
-===CD-ROM add-ons===
+ |EpisodeNumber2=4
-[[File:PC Engine CD-ROM2 Interface Unit.jpg|thumb|PC Engine CoreGrafx with CD-ROM² and interface unit]]
+ |Title=[[Albatross (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|Albatross]]
-The {{nihongo|'''CD-ROM² System'''|[[:ja:CD-ROM2|シーディーロムロムシステム]]|Shī Dī Romu Romu Shisutemu|pronounced "CD-ROM-ROM"}} is an add-on attachment for the PC Engine that was released in Japan on December 4, 1988.<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Turbo CD|url=http://www.gamefaqs.com/turbocd/916397-turbo-cd/data|publisher=''[[GameFAQs]]''|accessdate=May 14, 2012}}</ref> The add-on allows the core versions of the console to play PC Engine games in CD-ROM format in addition to standard HuCards. This made the PC Engine the first video game console to have a CD-ROM peripheral, and first device ever to use CD-ROM as a storage medium for video games. The add-on consisted of two devices - the CD player itself and the interface unit, which connects the CD player to the console and provides as a common power supply and output for both.<ref>http://magweasel.com/2009/07/21/i-love-the-pc-engine-fighting-street/</ref><ref>http://www.giantbomb.com/no-ri-ko/3030-39939/</ref><ref>[http://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/13.html Top 25 Videogame Consoles of All Time], IGN. Retrieved 2010-06-14.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond|author=Mark J. P. Wolf|publisher=''[[ABC-CLIO]]''|year=2008|isbn=0-313-33868-X|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA119|accessdate=April 10, 2011}}</ref> It was later released as the '''TurboGrafx-CD''' in the United States on August 1, 1990. The TurboGrafx-CD had a launch price of $399.99, and did not include any bundled games.<ref name="ToysRUs">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Toys R Us weekly ad |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=373&dat=19901205&id=ek1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Oz8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2470,1037511 |newspaper=The Catoosa County News |date=December 5, 1990 |accessdate=2014-06-17 }}</ref> ''[[Fighting Street]]'' and ''[[Wonder Boy III: Monster Lair|Monster Lair]]'' were the TurboGrafx-CD launch titles; ''[[Ys Book I & II]]'' soon followed.
+ |Aux1=5275.6
+ |DirectedBy=Bill Reed
+ |WrittenBy=Dario Finelli
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1974|9|28}}
+ |ShortSummary=Doctor McCoy is arrested for allegedly causing a deadly [[pandemic|plague]] which once ravaged the planet Dramia.
+ |LineColor=f3cb00
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=21
+ |EpisodeNumber2=5
+ |Title=[[How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth]]
+ |Aux1=6063.4
+ |DirectedBy=Bill Reed
+ |WrittenBy=Russell Bates and [[David Wise (writer)|David Wise]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1974|10|5}}
+ |ShortSummary=A mysterious being threatens to destroy the ''Enterprise'' if the crew is unable to solve an ancient puzzle.
+ |LineColor=f3cb00
+}}
+{{Episode list
+ |EpisodeNumber=22
+ |EpisodeNumber2=6
+ |Title=[[The Counter-Clock Incident]]
+ |Aux1=6770.3
+ |DirectedBy=Bill Reed
+ |WrittenBy=[[Fred Bronson|John Culver]]
+ |OriginalAirDate={{Start date|1974|10|12}}
+ |ShortSummary=An unusual spaceship pulls the ''Enterprise'' into a "negative [[universe]]" where time seems to flow backwards.
+ |LineColor=f3cb00
+}}
+}}
-The {{nihongo|Super System Card|スーパーシステムカード|Sūpā Shisutemu Kādo}}, an upgrade for the CD-ROM² System, was released on October 26, 1991. It updates the BIOS to Version 3.0 and increases the buffer RAM from 64kB to 2MB required to play Super CD-ROM² discs. An American version of the Super System Card for the TurboGrafx-16/CD combo was also sold exclusively as a mail-order. PC Engine owners who did not already own the original CD-ROM² add-on could instead opt for the {{nihongo|'''Super CD-ROM²'''|[[:ja:SUPER CD-ROM2|スーパーシーディーロムロム]]|Sūpā Shī Dī Romu Romu}}, an updated version of the add-on released on December 13,<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> which combines the CD-ROM drive, interface unit and Super System Card into one device.
+[[Image:ST-The AS.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The characters of ''TAS''.]]
-===Duo consoles===
+Similar to most animated series of the era, the 22 episodes of ''TAS'' were spread out over two brief seasons, with copious reruns of each episode. The director of the first season (16 episodes) was [[Hal Sutherland]] and Bill Reed directed the six episodes of season two.
-{{see|TurboDuo}}
-[[File:NEC-TurboDuo-Console-wController-L.jpg|thumb|NEC/Turbo Technologies later released the TurboDuo, which combined the TurboGrafx-CD and TurboGrafx-16 into one unit.]]
-NEC Home Electronics released the '''PC Engine Duo''' in Japan on September 21, {{vgy|1991}},<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> which combined the PC Engine and Super CD-ROM² unit into a single console. The system can play HuCards, audio CDs, CD+Gs, standard CD-ROM² games and Super CD-ROM² games. The North American version, the '''TurboDuo''', was launched in October {{vgy|1992}}. The American version of Duo was originally bundled with one control pad, an AC adapter, RCA cables, ''[[Ys Book I & II]]'' (a CD-ROM² title), and a Super CD-ROM² including ''[[Bonk's Adventure]]'', ''[[Bonk's Revenge]]'', ''[[Gate of Thunder]]'' and a secret version of ''[[Bomberman]]'' accessible via a cheat code. The system was also packaged with one random HuCard game which varied from system to system (''Dungeon Explorer'' was the original HuCard pack-in for TurboDuo, although many titles were eventually used, such as Irem's ''Ninja Spirit'' and Namco's ''Final Lap Twin'', and then eventually a random pick).
-Two updated variants were released in Japan: the '''PC Engine Duo-R''' (on March 25, 1993)<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> and the '''PC Engine Duo-RX''' (on June 25, 1994).<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/>
+All of this series' episodes were novelized by [[Alan Dean Foster]] and released in ten volumes under the ''Star Trek Logs'' banner. Initially, Foster adapted three episodes per book, but later editions saw the half-hour scripts expanded into full, novel-length stories.
-===Arcade Card===
+''Star Trek: The Animated Series'' was the only ''Star Trek'' series not to be produced with a [[cold open]] ("teaser"), instead starting directly with the title credits sequence. However, some overseas versions of the original live action series, such as those aired by the [[BBC]] in the U.K. in the 1960s and 1970s, were edited to run the teaser after the credits.
-Certain games in Japan were released in a third disc format, the {{nihongo|'''Arcade CD-ROM²'''|アーケードシーディーロムロム|Ākēdo Shī Dī Romu Romu}} (released in Japan on March 12, 1994),<ref name="PC-Engine UK"/> requiring the use of an {{nihongo|Arcade Card|[[:ja:アーケードカード|アーケードカード]]|Ākēdo Kādo}}. The Arcade Card was available in two variants: the '''Arcade Card Pro''' designed solely for the original CD-ROM² System, and the '''Arcade Card Duo''' that works with the Super CD-ROM² System and all [[PC Engine Duo]] models (both adding a total of 2MB of RAM). These are not compatible with the TurboGrafx-CD, nor with the TurboDuo, without an adapter.
-===HE-System machines===
+The series' writing benefited from a [[Writers Guild of America, East]] strike in 1973, which did not apply to animation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to Star Trek: The Classic Episodes, Volume 1|year=1991|author=D. C. Fontana}}</ref>  A few episodes are especially notable due to contributions from well-known science fiction authors:
-The '''PC-KD863G''' is a [[CRT monitor]]　with built-in PC Engine console, released on September 27, 1988 in Japan for ¥138,000. Following NEC's PCs' naming scheme, the PC-KD863G was designed to eliminate the need to buy a separate television set and a console. It output its signals in [[RGB]], so it was clearer at the time than the console which was still limited to [[RF]] and [[Composite video|composite]]. However, it has no BUS expansion port, which made it incompatible with the CD-ROM² System and memory backup add-ons
-The '''X1-Twin''' was the first licensed PC Engine-compatible hardware manufactured by a third-party company, released by [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] on April 1989 for ¥99,800.<ref name=super_pcefan_vol1>{{cite magazine|title=スーパーPCエンジンファン|trans-title=Super PC Engine Fan|language=Japanese|volume=1|publisher=Tokuma Shoten Intermedia|date=January 15, 1994}}</ref> It's an [[Sharp X1|X1]] computer and PC Engine console combined into one, although the two hardware run mutually separately.
+* "[[More Tribbles, More Troubles]]" was written by [[David Gerrold]] as a sequel to his episode "[[The Trouble With Tribbles]]" from the original series. Here Cyrano Jones is rescued from the [[Klingon]]s, bringing with him a genetically altered breed of [[tribble]]s which do not reproduce but do grow extremely large. (It is later discovered that these are really [[Rat king (folklore)|clusters of tribbles who function as a single tribble]], and it is decided that the large numbers of smaller tribbles are preferable to the larger ones.) The Klingons, because of their hatred of tribbles, are eager to get Jones back because he stole a creature they created: a predator called a "glommer" that feeds on tribbles.
+* "[[Yesteryear (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|Yesteryear]]" is a time-travel episode in which [[Spock|Mr. Spock]] uses "[[Guardian of Forever|The Guardian of Forever]]", a time gateway from the original series episode "[[The City on the Edge of Forever]]", to travel back to his own childhood. This is the only animated ''Trek'' episode written by original series and later ''Next Generation'' writer [[D. C. Fontana]]. This was the first actual appearance of Spock's pet [[sehlat]], first mentioned in "[[Journey to Babel]]" and finally named I-Chaya in this episode. One element from ''Yesteryear'' that has become canon by depiction within ''Star Trek: The Original Series'' is the Vulcan city of ShiKahr, depicted in a background scene wherein Kirk, Spock and McCoy walk across a natural stone bridge (first depicted in ''[[Star Trek III: The Search for Spock]]'') in the [[Star Trek: The Original Series#Star Trek: The Original Series "Remastered"|remastered]] "[[Amok Time]]". Elements of Spock's childhood from "Yesteryear" are also referenced in the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[Unification (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Unification]]" as well as the 2009 ''Star Trek'' feature film.
+* [[Larry Niven]]'s "[[The Slaver Weapon]]", adapted from his own short story "The Soft Weapon". It includes some elements from his ''[[Known Space]]'' mythos such as the [[Kzin]]ti and the [[Thrint|Slavers]]. This is the only Kirk-era TV or movie story in which Kirk did not appear. This episode is also the only animated one in which characters are shown dying or being killed.
-[[Pioneer Corporation]]'s [[LaserActive]] supports an add-on module which allows the use of PC Engine games (HuCard, CD-ROM² and Super CD-ROM²) as well as new "LD-ROM²" titles that work only on this device. NEC also released their own LaserActive unit and PC Engine add-on module, under an [[OEM]] license.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=International News|work=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|issue=54|publisher=EGM Media, LLC|date=January 1994|page=94}}</ref> A total of eleven LD-ROM<sup>2</sup> titles were produced, with only three of them released in North America.
+[[File:12.5.12GeorgeTakeiByLuigiNovi15.jpg|thumb|Actor [[George Takei]] autographing an original animation cel from the series at [[Midtown Comics]] in Manhattan.]]
-===Other foreign markets===
+==Novelties in the series==
-Outside North America and Japan, the TurboGrafx-16 was released in [[South Korea]] by a third party under the name '''Vistar 16'''. It was based on the American version but with a new curved design.<ref>[http://nfggames.com/games/vistar/ Vistar 16]</ref> The PC Engine was never officially released in continental Europe, but some companies imported them and made SCART conversions on a moderate scale. In France, [[Sodipeng]] imported Japanese systems and added an RGB Cable called "AudioVideo Plus Cable".{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} This mod improved the original video signal quality extensively and made the consoles work with SECAM televisions. In Germany, several importers sold converted PC Engines with PAL RF as well as RGB output.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} The connectors and pinouts used for the latter were frequently compatible with the [[Amiga]] video port, with two unconnected pins used for the audio channels.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
+In the original ''Star Trek'' series, the title character was given the name James T. Kirk. It wasn't until the animated series that writer [[David Gerrold]] replaced the "T", giving us [[James T. Kirk|Captain James Tiberius Kirk]]. It was purely coincidental that he chose "Tiberius" (on Gene Roddenberry's first series ''[[The Lieutenant]]'', the principal character was William Tiberius Rice). According to Gerrold, he had been influenced by ''[[I, Claudius]]'', and had approached Roddenberry with his choice of middle name, but it wasn't until 2014 that he learned of its earlier use.<ref>Silverman, D. S. (2015). Always bring phasers to an “animated” canon fight: Star Trek’s animated adventures on Saturday mornings. In D. Brode & S. Brode (Eds.) Gene Roddenberry’s Star Trek: The original cast adventures. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. {{ISBN|978-1-4422-4987-5}}</ref>
-===Peripheral compatibility===
+The animated series introduced a three-armed, three-legged alien member of the bridge crew with a long neck named Arex and a cat-like alien crew member named M'Ress.
-[[File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-TurboTap.jpg|thumb|right|The TurboGrafx-16 had only one controller port, so any simultaneous multiplayer games required the TurboTap accessory.]]
-All PC Engine systems support the same controller peripherals, including pads, joysticks and multitaps. Except for the Vistar, Shuttle, GT, and systems with built-in CD-ROM drives, all PC Engine units shared the same expansion connector, which allowed for the use of devices such as the CD-ROM unit, battery backup and AV output.
-The TurboGrafx and Vistar units use a different controller port than the PC Engines, but adaptors are available and the protocol is the same. The TurboGrafx offers the same expansion connector pinout as the PC Engine, but has a slightly different shape so peripherals must be modified to fit.
+The USS ''Enterprise'' in this series, while supposedly the same ship as from the original series, had a [[holodeck]] similar to the one introduced in ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', which was set about eighty years later. It only appeared once, in Chuck Menville's "The Practical Joker", and was known as the "Rec Room". This feature was originally proposed for the original series<ref>see, e.g., Gerrold, ''The World of Star Trek''</ref> but was never used.
-The Arcade Card Pro is designed for the original CD-ROM² System add-on, adding the 2304 kB of RAM required by Arcade CD-ROM² games. The Arcade Card Duo is for the Super CD-ROM² System and the PC-Engine Duo/R/RX consoles and adds 2048 kB RAM, since those systems already have 256K of RAM built-in.
+A personal force field technology known as the life support belt was seen only in ''Star Trek: The Animated Series''. In addition to supplying the wearer with the appropriate atmosphere and environmental protection, it permitted the animators to simply draw the belt and yellow glow around the existing characters, instead of having to redraw them with an environmental suit. A version of the life support belt later appeared in an early ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' novel, ''[[The Peacekeepers]]'', where they were referred to as "field-effect suits".
-The various CD-ROM game types are:
+The episode "[[The Lorelei Signal]]" provides a rare instance in early ''[[Star Trek]]'' in which a female took (temporary) command of a starship. Due to the male crew members being incapacitated, [[Uhura]] assumes command of the ''Enterprise'' from Scotty. Other instances occurred on the first and last adventures ever filmed in the original series:
-*CD-ROM² : Standard CD-ROM game. Runs on all CD-ROM² Systems without any additional requirements
+* "[[The Cage (Star Trek: The Original Series)|The Cage]]", in which [[Number One (Star Trek)|Number One]] took command after the abduction of [[Captain Christopher Pike]], and
-*Super CD-ROM² : Requires a Super System Card to work on the original CD-ROM² System. No card is required for Super CD-ROM² and Duo consoles.
+* "[[Turnabout Intruder]]", in which Dr. Janice Lester took over the body of Captain Kirk and assumed command.
-*Arcade CD-ROM² : Requires an Arcade Card Pro on the original CD-ROM² System, or an Arcade Card Duo on the Super CD-ROM² and Duo consoles.
-===Video formats===
+"The Lorelei Signal" and "[[The Infinite Vulcan]]", the latter written by Walter Koenig, are rare occurrences where Captain Kirk comes close to actually saying, "[[Beam me up, Scotty]]" (long erroneously believed to be a ''Star Trek'' [[catchphrase]]), when he commands "Beam us up, Scotty." ''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]'' arguably comes closer to it by having Kirk say "Scotty, beam me in".
-All PC Engine hardware outputs video in NTSC format, including the European TurboGrafx; it generates a PAL-compatible video signal by using a chroma encoder chip not found in any other system in the series.
-==Technical specifications==
+An anti-pollution public service announcement was created for nonprofit [[Keep America Beautiful]] featuring the ''ST:TAS'' characters and original cast voices. In the ad, the ''Enterprise'' encounters the "Rhombian Pollution Belt".<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy5M5Xo4wcQ|title=Lost PSA: Star Trek TAS for Keep America Beautiful!|date=June 14, 2010|work=YouTube}}</ref> The ad ran during Saturday morning network programming during the series' run.
-[[File:NEC-TurboGrafx-16-Motherboard-Top.jpg|thumb|The TurboGrafx-16 ran off an 8-bit CPU, but had a 16-bit graphics processor.<ref>{{cite magazine|last= |first= |title=The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Bit|magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=15 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|date=March 1996|page=30}}</ref>]]
-The PC Engine is a relatively compact video game console, owing to an efficient three-chip architecture and its use of small [[ROM cartridge]]s called [[HuCard]]s (Turbo Chips in North America). Hudson Soft developed the HuCard (Hudson Card) from the [[Bee Card]] technology it piloted on the [[MSX]]. HuCards are about the size of a credit card, but slightly thicker. They are very similar to the [[Sega Card|My Card]] format utilized for certain games released on the [[SG-1000]]/[[SC-3000]] and the [[Sega Master System|Mark III/Master System]]. The largest Japanese HuCard games were up to {{nowrap|20 Mbit}} in size. All PC Engine consoles can play standard HuCards, including the [[PC Engine SuperGrafx]] (which has its small library of exclusive HuCards).
+The animated series also dispensed with the original series' theme music, composed by [[Alexander Courage]], in favor of a new theme credited to Yvette Blais and Jeff Michael (actually Filmation composer [[Ray Ellis]], working under a pseudonym). This has never been publicly explained; one possible explanation is that the producers wished to avoid having to pay royalties for using the original theme.
-With the exception of the budget-priced PC Engine Shuttle, the portable PC Engine GT and the PC-KD863G monitor, every PC Engine console is also capable of playing CD-ROM² discs, provided the console is equipped with the required CD-ROM drive and System Card. The SuperGrafx and PC Engine LT both required additional adapters to work on the original CD-ROM² System and Super CD-ROM² respectively, whereas the Duo consoles had the CD-ROM drive and Super System Card integrated into them (as did the Super CD-ROM² player). Some unlicensed CD games by Games Express can only run on Duo consoles, due to their games requiring both a special System Card packaged with the games and the 256 kB of RAM built into the Duo.
+==Canon issues==
+{{main article|Star Trek canon}}
+At the end of the first season of ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', all licenses for [[Star Trek spin-off fiction|''Star Trek'' spin-off fiction]] were renegotiated, and the animated series was essentially "decanonized" by [[Gene Roddenberry]]'s office. Writers of the novels, comics and role-playing games were prohibited from using concepts from the animated series in their works.{{sfn|Ayers|2006|p=232}} Among the facts established within the animated series that were called into question by the "official canon" issue was its identification of [[Robert April]] as the first captain of the USS ''Enterprise'' in the episode "The Counter-Clock Incident".
-The console's [[Central processing unit|CPU]] is a [[Hudson Soft HuC6280]] 8-bit microprocessor operating at 1.79&nbsp;MHz and 7.16&nbsp;MHz. It features integrated bank-switching hardware (driving a 21-bit external address bus from a 6502-compatible 16-bit address bus), an integrated general-purpose I/O port, a timer, block transfer instructions, and dedicated move instructions for communicating with the [[Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270A]] VDC. Its 16-bit [[Graphics processing unit|graphics processor]] and video color encoder chip were also developed by Hudson Soft.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States patent 5059955|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US5059955}}</ref> It holds 8 [[Kilobyte|kB]] of work RAM and 64 kB of video RAM.
+The ''[[Timeline of Star Trek|Star Trek Chronology]]'' by production staffers [[Michael Okuda]] and [[Denise Okuda]] does not include the animated series, but does include certain events from "Yesteryear" and acknowledges Robert April as first captain of the ''Enterprise''.{{sfn|Okuda|1996|p=41–42}}  The timeline in ''Voyages of the Imagination'' dates the events of the series to 2269–2270, assuming the events of the show represented the final part of Kirk's five-year mission, and using revised [[Alan Dean Foster]] stardates. In the updated October 1999 edition of their book: ''The Star Trek Encyclopedia: A Reference Guide to the Future'', Michael and Denise Okuda state that:
+{{quotation|In a related vein, this work (i.e. book) adheres to Paramount studio policy that regards the animated ''Star Trek'' series as not being part of the "official" ''Star Trek'' universe, even though we count ourselves among that show's fans. Of course, the final decision as to the "authenticity" of the animated episodes, as with all elements of the show, must clearly be the choice of each individual reader.'<ref>Michael & Denise Okuda, ''The Star Trek Encyclopedia: A Reference Guide to the Future'', Updated and expanded edition, October 1999, Pocket Book (a division of Simon and Schuster), p. iii</ref>}}
-===Display===
+[[David Gerrold]], who contributed two stories to ''TAS'', stated in an interview his views on the canon issue:
-====Resolution====
+{{quotation|Arguments about "canon" are silly. I always felt that ''Star Trek Animated'' was part of ''Star Trek'' because Gene Roddenberry accepted the paycheck for it and put his name on the credits. And DC Fontana—and all the other writers involved—busted their butts to make it the best ''Star Trek'' they could. But this whole business of "canon" really originated with Gene's errand boy. Gene liked giving people titles instead of raises, so the errand boy got named "archivist" and apparently it went to his head. Gene handed him the responsibility of answering all fan questions, silly or otherwise, and he apparently let that go to his head.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startrekanimated.com/tas_david_gerrold.html|title=Star Trek: The Animated Series|work=startrekanimated.com}}</ref>}}
-*X (Horizontal) Resolution: variable, maximum of 565 (programmable to 282, 377 or 565 pixels, or as 5.3693175&nbsp;MHz, 7.15909&nbsp;MHz, and 10.738635&nbsp;MHz pixel dot clock)<ref name="forums.magicengine.com">{{cite web|url=http://forums.magicengine.com/en/viewtopic.php?t=1798 |title=Forums.MagicEngine.com |publisher=Forums.MagicEngine.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-05}}</ref> Taking into consideration overscan limitations of CRT televisions at the time, the horizontal resolutions were realistically limited to something a bit less than what the system was actually capable of.  Consequently, most game developers limited their games to either 256, 352, or 512 pixels in display width for each of the three modes.<ref name="pcenginefx.com forum">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcenginefx.com/forums/index.php?topic=6601.msg110493#msg110493 |title=forum |publisher=''Pcenginefx.com'' |date= |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref>
-*Y (Vertical) Resolution: variable, maximum of 242 (programmable in increments of 1 scanline). It is possible to achieve an interlaced "mode" with a maximum vertical resolution of 484 scanlines by alternating between the two different vertical resolution modes used by the system.  However, it is unknown, at this time, if this interlaced resolution is compliant with (and hence displayed correctly on) NTSC televisions.
-*The majority of TurboGrafx-16 games use 256×239,<ref name="forums.magicengine.com"/> though some games, such as ''Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective'' did use 512×224.
-====Color====
+Writer-producer [[D. C. Fontana]] discussed the ''TAS'' Canon issue in 2007:
-*Colors available: 512 (9-bit)
-*Colors onscreen: Maximum of 482 (241 background, 241 sprite)
-*Palettes: Maximum of 32 (16 for background tiles, 16 for sprites)
-*Colors per palette: 16 per background palette (color entry #0 of each background palette must be the same), and 15 per sprite palette (plus transparent, which is displayed as an actual color in the overscan area of the screen)
-====Sprites====
+{{quotation|I suppose "canon" means what Gene Roddenberry decided it was. Remember, we were making it up as we went along on the original series (and on the animated one, too). We had a research company to keep us on the straight and narrow as to science, projected science based on known science, science fiction references (we didn’t want to step on anyone's exclusive ideas in movies, other TV shows, or printed work). They also helped prevent contradictions and common reference errors. So the so-called canon evolved in its own way and its own time. For whatever reason, Gene Roddenberry apparently didn’t take the animated series seriously (no pun intended), although we worked very hard to do original ''STAR TREK'' stories and concepts at all times in the animated series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trekmovie.com/2007/07/22/dc-fontana-on-tas-canon-and-sybok/|title=D.C. Fontana On TAS Canon (and Sybok)|work=TrekMovie.com}}</ref>}}
-*Simultaneously displayable: 64 on-screen, 16 (256 sprite pixels) per scanline
-*Sizes: 16×16, 16×32, 16×64, 32×16, 32×32, 32×64
-*Palette: Each sprite can use up to 15 unique colors (one color must be reserved as transparent) via one of the 16 available sprite palettes.
-*Layers: The [[Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270A]] VDC was capable of displaying one sprite layer. Sprites could be placed either in front of or behind background tiles by manipulating a bit which caused indirect pixel color entry #0 of the background tile(s) to act as transparent.
-====Tiles====
+Since Roddenberry's death in 1991, and the subsequent firing of Richard H. Arnold (who vetted the licensed tie-ins for Roddenberry's ''Star Trek'' office at Paramount during its later years), there have been several references to the animated series in the various live-action series. In the ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' episode "[[Once More Unto the Breach (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)|Once More Unto the Breach]]", Kor referred to his ship, the ''Klothos'', which was first named in the ''TAS'' episode "[[The Time Trap (ST:TAS)|The Time Trap]]". Other ''DS9'' episodes to make reference to the animated series include "[[Broken Link (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)|Broken Link]]", where [[Elim Garak]] mentions Edosian orchids (Arex is an Edosian) and "[[Tears of the Prophets]]" where a [[Miranda class starship|''Miranda''-class starship]] is called the USS ''ShirKahr'' (sic) after ShiKahr, the city from "Yesteryear". In the episode "[[Prophet Motive]]" where the title of healer is resurrected from "Yesteryear" as well. Vulcan's Forge is also mentioned in "[[Change of Heart (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)|Change of Heart]]", in which [[Worf]] wants to honeymoon there with [[Jadzia Dax]], as well as in episodes "[[The Forge (Star Trek: Enterprise)|The Forge]]", "[[Awakening (Star Trek: Enterprise)|Awakening]]" and "[[Kir'Shara]]" from ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]''.
-*Size: 8×8
-*Palette: Each background tile can use up to 15 unique colors via one of the 16 available background palettes and 1 shared color (BG color #0) for a total of 16 colors per tile. The first color entry of each background subpalette is ignored. Instead, color #0's RGB value is shown in its place (the common/shared color). When a specific sprite is set to show behind the BG layer via the priority bit, all tiles that use relative color #0 (of 16) will not show BG color #0. But instead will show the sprite pixel (if not opaque).
-*Layers: The [[Hudson Soft HuC6270|HuC6270A]] VDC was capable of displaying one background layer.
-===Audio capacity===
+The ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' episodes "[[The Catwalk]]" and "[[The Forge (Star Trek: Enterprise)|The Forge]]" included references to "[[Yesteryear (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|Yesteryear]]", the latter featuring a [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] rendition of a wild [[sehlat]]. The remastered Original Series episode "[[Amok Time]]" featured ShiKahr in the background as Spock beams up at the episode's end,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trekmovie.com/wp-content/uploads/amoktime/new_spock_beamout.jpg|title=ShiKahr (background image)|work= TrekMovie.com|accessdate=May 5, 2013}}</ref> and the remastered version of "[[The Ultimate Computer]]" replaced the ''Botany Bay''-style ''Woden'' with an automated grain carrier from "[[More Tribbles, More Troubles]]."
-*Six [[wavetable synthesis]] audio channels, programmable through the [[Hudson Soft HuC6280|HuC6280A]] CPU.
-*Each channel had a [[frequency]] of 111.87&nbsp;kHz for single cycle of 32 samples (while not in D/A mode) with a [[Audio bit depth|bit depth]] of 5 bits.  Each channel also was allotted 20 bytes (32×5 bits) of RAM for sample data.
-*The [[waveform]]s were programmable so the composers were not limited to the standard selection of waveforms (square, sine, sawtooth, triangle, etc.). But the use of standard waveforms, and semi-standard forms, such as a 25% pulse wave were used fairly often.
-*The first two audio channels (1 and 2) were capable of [[Low frequency oscillation|LFO]] when channel #2 was used to modulate channel #1 with [[vibrato]]. In theory, this could also be used to perform an [[Frequency modulation synthesis|FM]] operation, though due to other limitations, this was never done (note: LFO, like FM works by modifying an audible waveform (carrier oscillator) with an inaudible waveform (modulator oscillator), but LFO's modulator is subsonic rather than sonic (FM), so LFO will not change the carrier's timbre, just its behavior, and as a result, LFO does not really sound anything like FM.)
-*The final two audio channels (5 and 6) were capable of [[White noise|noise]] generation.
-*Optional software enabled Direct [[Digital-to-analog converter|D/A]] which allows for sampled sound to be streamed into any of the six PSG audio channels. When a channel is in D/A mode the frequency is as fast as the CPU can stream bytes to the port, though in practicality it is limited to 6.99&nbsp;kHz when using the TIMER interrupt with its smallest loop setting (1023 cpu cycles) or 15.7&nbsp;kHz using the scanline interrupt.
-*There is a method that combines two channels in DDA mode to play back 8-bit, 9-bit, or 10-bit samples.
-*The addition of the CD-ROM peripheral adds CD-DA sound, and a single ADPCM channel to the existing sound capabilities of the PC Engine.
-===Region protection===
+The 2009 film [[Star Trek (2009)|''Star Trek'']] also references "Yesteryear", featuring a nearly identical scene in which a young Spock is confronted by several other Vulcan children, who bully and provoke him for being part human.
-[[Image:TurboGrafx HuCard adapters.png|thumb|right|200px|Common HuCard Converters]]
-With HuCards, a limited form of region protection was introduced between markets which for the most part was nothing more than running some of the HuCard's pinout connections in a different arrangement. There were several major after-market converters sold to bypass this protection, and were sold predominantly for use in converting Japanese titles for play on a TG-16. In the Japanese market, NEC went further by adding a hardware level detection function to all PC Engine systems that detected if a game was a U.S. release, and would then refuse to play it. The only known exception to this is the U.S. release of [[Klax (video game)|Klax]] which did not contain this function. The explanation commonly given for this by NEC officials is that most U.S. conversions had the difficulty level reduced, and in some cases were censored for what was considered inappropriate content, and consequently, they did not want the U.S. conversion to re-enter the Asian market and negatively impact the perception of a game.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} With some minor soldering skills, a change could be made to PC Engines to disable this check.<ref>{{cite web|title=PC Engine Import Mod|url=http://www.gamesx.com/wiki/doku.php?id=imports:pc_engine|publisher=GameSX|accessdate=January 11, 2014|quote="The fix: On Japanese systems, connect pin 29 of the Hu6280 chip to [ground]. That's it."}}</ref> The only Japanese games that could not be played on a U.S. system using one of these converters were the SuperGrafx titles which could only be played on a SuperGrafx.
-There was no region protection on TurboGrafx-CD and CD-ROM² System games.
+Carter Winston, from "[[The Survivor (Star Trek: The Animated Series)|The Survivor]]", has a small but important role late in the 1984 tie-in novel ''[[The Final Reflection]]'' by [[John M. Ford]]. In recent years, references to ''The Animated Series'' have also cropped up again in the licensed books and comics. [[M'Ress]] and [[Arex (Star Trek)|Arex]], characters from the animated series, appear in the ''[[Star Trek: New Frontier]]'' novels by [[Peter David]], in which M'Ress and Arex are transported through time to the 24th Century, and are made officers on board the USS ''Trident''. (David's previous use of these characters, in TOS movie-era comics published by [[DC Comics]], had been ended by Gene Roddenberry's office.)<ref>''Star Trek'', Series II issue #1 lettercol, DC Comics, September 1989</ref>
-Due to the extremely limited PAL release after NEC decided to cancel a full release, there were no PAL HuCards made. The European TurboGrafx therefore played the NTSC American/Japanese titles, converted to [[PAL]] 50Hz format.<ref name="Gamasutra"></ref>
+A race introduced in the episode "[[The Jihad]]", represented by a character named M3 Green, is named the Nasat in the [[Starfleet Corps of Engineers]] [[e-book]] novellas. These stories feature a regular Nasat character, [[Starfleet Corps of Engineers|P8 Blue]]. The Vulcan city of ShiKahr also appears in many books. [[Paula Block]], then of [[CBS Consumer Products]], was responsible for approving proposals and all completed manuscripts for the licensed media tie-ins and granted many such uses of ''TAS'' material since Roddenberry's death.
-==CD hardware technical specifications and information==
+[[Amarillo Design Bureau]] has—as part of its license for the [[Star Fleet Universe]] series of games—incorporated many aspects of ''The Animated Series'' into its works, not least being the inclusion of the [[Kzin]]ti, although in a modified form. In addition [[FASA]] used elements from ''The Animated Series'' in its sourcebooks and modules for its [[Star Trek: The Role Playing Game|''Star Trek'' role-playing game]].
-*[[Oki Electric Industry|Oki]] MSM5205 [[Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation|ADPCM]] chip with variable speed input clock, and 64 [[Kibibyte|kB]] [[Dynamic random-access memory|DRAM]] for audio sample storage. Only one channel of 4-bit compressed audio (decompresses to [[Audio bit depth|12-bit]], top 10 bits output through [[Digital-to-analog converter|DAC]]) was supported.<ref>http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:G7O62_Ggt1sJ:archaicpixels.com/images/f/f8/MSM5205.pdf</ref> It supports a [[Sampling (signal processing)|sampling]] rate of up to 32.088&nbsp;kHz.<ref>http://www.ysutopia.net/special/MSM5205.htm</ref>
-*Programmable, timer controlled, electronic volume attenuator to fade-out the [[Compact Disc Digital Audio|CD-DA]] and ADPCM audio channels together or individually.
-*The PC-Engine [[CD-ROM]] interface tray has 64 kB of DRAM for storage of program code and data loaded from the CD.
-*The "System Card" contains the [[BIOS]] program used to boot CD media and provides functions for software to access CD hardware through a standardized interface. Later System Cards had extra RAM and updates to the BIOS.
-*The Duo series has the same BIOS [[Read-only memory|ROM]] (v3.00) and RAM (256 kB total) as a PC-Engine system equipped with a Super System Card. The Duo implements the [[Computer memory|memory]] as a single 256 kB [[Static random-access memory|SRAM]] chip rather than the split 64 kB DRAM / 192 kB SRAM.
-*The list of known CD-ROM BIOS revisions are:
-**v1.00 – First release (System Card, came with the first versions of the PC-Engine CD-ROM² Interface Unit)
-**v2.00 – Upgrade (System Card, came with later versions of the Interface Unit)
-**v2.10 – Upgrade (System Card, came with even later versions of the Interface Unit or sold separately)
-**v3.00 – Final release (built into several products and available as a Super System Card – see below)
-*The list of known System Card releases are:
-**System Card v1.00 – First release. Came packaged with the original PC-Engine CD-ROM² System.
-**System Card v2.00 – BIOS update. This adds support for [[CD+G]] discs.
-**System Card v2.10 – BIOS update. Auto disc change detection is implemented. Was the first System Card that was sold separately from the add-on.
-**System Card v3.00 (aka. Super System Card) – 1.5 [[Mebibit|Mbit]] [[Random-access memory|RAM]] (192 kB) – RAM upgrade and BIOS update. This expands the RAM available for the CD-ROM unit to 256 kB when including the existing built in DRAM. It also offers a final BIOS update to v3.00. The PC-Engine Duo (Turbo Duo in North America) had 256 kB of RAM and the same v3.00 BIOS built into the system. Games developed for this System Card bore the "Super CD-ROM² System" mark and could not be played using an older System Card.
-**Arcade Card Duo – 16 Mbit RAM (2048 kB) – RAM upgrade exclusively for the Super CD-ROM² System and PC Engine Duo consoles. This greatly expands the RAM available to 2048 kB. The BIOS revision was unchanged from v3.00. Games developed for the Arcade Card Duo/Pro bore the "Arcade CD-ROM²" mark, and could not be played using prior System Cards. The Arcade Card Pro includes the extra 192 kB needed for the original CD-ROM² System
-**Arcade Card Pro – 17.5 Mbit RAM (2240 kB as 2 [[Mebibyte|MB]]+192 kB) – RAM upgrade for the original CD-ROM² System. This greatly expands the RAM available to 2240 kB. The BIOS revision was unchanged from v3.00. The Arcade Card Pro combines the functions of the Super System Card and the Arcade Card Duo into one unit. The 2 MB of RAM is accessed through ports or units of single {{nowrap|8 kB}} banks and is intended for graphics data storage rather than program code; its flexible addressing system allows for rapid transfer of data to VRAM. While intended and marketed for the original CD-ROM² System, it's actually compatible with Super CD-ROM² add-on and all Duo consoles without any issues.
-**Games Express CD Card – Bootleg System Card. This was released by [[Hacker International]] for play of unlicensed Games Express CD games. The GECD Card is essentially a [[dongle]]; a BIOS v3.00 based machine (like a Duo or a Super CD-ROM²) is required for running those games.
-===Corresponding CD-ROM products===
+''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' producer [[Manny Coto]] has commented that had the show been renewed for a fifth season, the [[Kzin]]ti would have been introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory-alpha.org/en/wiki/Star_Trek:_Enterprise#The_Would-Be_Season_5|title=Star Trek: Enterprise|work=Memory Alpha}}</ref> Starship designs were produced which closely resemble the Kzinti/[[Kzin|Mirak]] ships from the ''[[Star Fleet Universe]]'', a gaming universe that includes the boardgame ''[[Star Fleet Battles]]'' and its [[Personal computer|PC]] analogue ''[[Star Trek: Starfleet Command|Star Fleet Command]]''.
-{|style="width:270px; float:right; border:1px solid #ccc; font-size:88%; line-height:1.5em; padding:1em; margin: 1em 0 1em 2em;"
-|-
-|[[File:PC Engine ArcadeCard DUO.jpg|140px]]
-|[[File:PC Engine ArcadeCard PRO.jpg|125px]]
-|-
-| colspan="2"|Arcade Card Duo (left) and Arcade Card Pro
-|}
-*CD-ROM² System – Consists of two components: a compact CD player (CDR-30) and the Interface Unit (IFU-30), which connects the CD player into the PC Engine console itself. These were sold separately or as part of a bundle. The Interface Unit also stores save data and provides a common power supply for the PC Engine and the CD player. A System Card is required for the PC Engine to access the functions of the CD player. Later revisions of both, the CD player (CDR-30A) and the Interface Unit (IFU-30A), featured improved disc reading capabilities.
+On June 27, 2007, ''Star Trek''{{'}}s official site incorporated information from ''The Animated Series'' into its library section,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/features/specials/article/66895.html|title=Star Trek|work=startrek.com}}</ref> clarifying, finally, that the animated series is part of the ''Star Trek'' canon. Both David Gerrold and D. C. Fontana have stated that the animated series is essentially the fourth season that fans wanted originally.<ref>Silverman, D. S. (2015). "Always Bring Phasers to an 'Animated' Canon Fight: ''Star Trek''{{'}}s Animated Adventures on Saturday Mornings". In D. Brode & S. Brode (Eds.) ''Gene Roddenberry's ''Star Trek'': ''The Original Cast Adventures''. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. {{ISBN|978-1-4422-4987-5}}</ref>
-*System Card – The original CD-ROM² System Card included with the Interface Unit. The System Card underwent a few slight revisions, with Version 1.0 being the original model, followed by Version 2.0 (which adds [[CD+G]] support) and Version 2.1 (which auto-detects discs). Only Version 2.1 was sold as a stand-alone unit.
-*ROM² Adaptor (RAU-30) –  A cable with two large ends that allows a PC Engine SuperGrafx (PI-TG4) console to be connected into the CD-ROM² Interface Unit.
-*Super System Card (PI-SC1) – An upgraded System Card that changes the BIOS of the CD-ROM² System to Version 3.0 and adds the 192kb of SRAM required to play Super CD-ROM² format discs.
-*Super CD-ROM² (PI-CD1) – An upgraded version of the CD-ROM² System add-on that combines the functions of the Interface Unit, CD-ROM player and Super System Card into one unit.
-*PC Engine Duo (PI-TG8) – A PC Engine console with a built-in Super CD-ROM² unit.
-*Super ROM² Adaptor (PI-AD8) – An adapter that allows the PC Engine LT (PI-TG9) to be connected into the Super CD-ROM² unit.
-*PC Engine Duo-R (PI-TG10) –  A redesigned version of the PC Engine Duo.
-*PC Engine Duo-RX (PCE-DUORX) – The third version of the PC Engine Duo.
-*Arcade Card Duo (PCE-AC1) – A RAM expansion card that adds the 16 Megabits of DRAM required to run Arcade CD-ROM² discs on any Super CD-ROM² and PC Engine Duo systems.
-*Arcade Card Pro (PCE-AC2) – Combines the functions of the Arcade Card Duo and the Super System Card into one card. Designed and marketed primarily for the original CD-ROM² System.
-===Drive unit===
-*Single-speed CD-ROM drive, managed by an NEC microcontroller and using the SCSI-I interface.
-*Transfer rate of 150 kB/s.
 ==Reception==
-In Japan, the PC Engine was very successful, and at one point was the top-selling console in the nation.<ref>{{cite journal|last= |first= |title=What in the Name of Sam Hill is a PC Engine?|journal=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|issue=70|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|date=May 1995|page=15}}</ref> In North America and Europe the situation was reversed, with both Sega and Nintendo dominating the console market at the expense of NEC. Initially, the TurboGrafx-16 sold well in the U.S., but eventually it suffered from lack of support from third-party [[software developer]]s and publishers.
+''Star Trek: The Animated Series'' was named the 96th best animated series by [[IGN]]. They declared that although the series suffered from technical limitations, its format allowed the writers far greater freedom and creativity than was possible in the original live-action series.<ref name="ign100">{{cite web |title=96, Star Trek: The Animated Series |url=http://tv.ign.com/top-100-animated-tv-series/96.html |publisher=IGN |accessdate=January 23, 2009 |date=January 23, 2009}}</ref>
-In 1990, ''[[ACE (games magazine)|ACE]]'' magazine praised the console's [[Racing video game|racing game]] library, stating that, compared to "all the popular consoles, the PC Engine is way out in front in terms of the range and quality of its race games."<ref>''[[ACE (games magazine)|ACE]]'', issue 34 (July 1990), [https://wos.meulie.net/pub/sinclair/magazines/ACE/Issue34/Pages/ACE3400059.jpg page 59]</ref> Reviewing the Turbo Duo model in 1993, ''[[GamePro]]'' gave it a "thumbs down". Though they praised the system's CD sound, graphics, and five-player capability, they criticized the outdated controller and the games library, saying the third party support was "almost nonexistent" and that most of the first party games were localizations of games better suited to the Japanese market.<ref>{{cite news|last= |first= |title=System Shopper|work=[[GamePro]]|issue=53|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|date=December 1993|pages=46–49}}</ref> In 2009, the TurboGrafx-16 was ranked the 13th greatest video game console of all time by [[IGN]], citing "a solid catalog of games worth playing," but also a lack of third party support and the absence of a second controller port.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/13.html |title=TurboGrafx-16 is number 13 |publisher=''IGN'' |date= |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref>
-==Legacy==
-In 1994, NEC released a new console, the Japan-only [[PC-FX]], a [[32-bit]] system with a tower-like design; it enjoyed a small but steady stream of games until 1998, when NEC finally abandoned the video games industry. NEC supplied rival [[Nintendo]] with the CPU for the [[Nintendo 64]], released in 1996, and former rival Sega with a version of its [[PowerVR]] 2 GPU for the [[Dreamcast]], released in 1998.
-A number of TurboGrafx-16 and TurboGrafx-CD games were released on Nintendo's [[Virtual Console]] download service for the [[Wii]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hudsonent.com/user/newsdetail.php?news_id=68 |title=Hudson Entertainment – Video Games, Mobile Games, Ringtones, and More! |publisher=''Hudsonent.com'' |date= |accessdate=July 5, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Wii U]], and [[Nintendo 3DS]], including several that were originally never released outside Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wii.ign.com/articles/697/697882p1.html |title=IGN: GDC 06: Satoru Iwata Keynote |publisher=Wii.ign.com |date=March 23, 2006 |accessdate=2011-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revolutionfanboy.com/2006/03/23/virtual-console-sega-and-hudson-games-are-a-go/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201134356/http://www.revolutionfanboy.com/2006/03/23/virtual-console-sega-and-hudson-games-are-a-go/ |archivedate=December 1, 2008 |title=Virtual Console: Sega and Hudson games are a go! – Nintendo Wii Fanboy |publisher=''Revolution Fanboy'' |date=March 23, 2006 |accessdate=July 5, 2011}}</ref> In 2011, [[List of PlayStation Store TurboGrafx-16 games|ten TurboGrafx-16 games]] were released on the [[PlayStation Network]] for play on the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[PlayStation Portable]] in the North American region.
-In 2010 Hudson released an [[iPhone]] application entitled "TurboGrafx-16 GameBox" which allowed users to buy and play a number of select Turbo Grafx games via [[in-app purchases]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cowan|first1=Danny|title=Hudson Releases TurboGrafx-16 GameBox Emulator For iOS|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/122690/Hudson_Releases_TurboGrafx16_GameBox_Emulator_For_iOS.php|website=Gamasuitra|accessdate=April 6, 2016}}</ref>
-In 2016, rapper [[Kanye West]] announced his [[Turbo Grafx 16 (album)|8th solo album]] would be titled "Turbo Grafx 16".<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanye's Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/kanyewest/status/703446573552967680}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Byford|first1=Sam|title=Kanye West says his new album is called Turbo Grafx 16 and coming this summer|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/27/11125294/kanye-west-new-album-turbografx-16 |website=The Verge|accessdate=April 6, 2016}}{{dead link|date=November 2017|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20161224011840/https://twitter.com/kanyewest/status/703446573552967680|bot=TweetCiteBot}}</ref>
-==Emulation==
+==Home video==
-{{See also|List of video game emulators#TurboGrafx-16|label 1=List of TurboGrafx-16 and PC Engine emulators}}
+{{refimprovesect|date=January 2017}}
-[[Video game console emulator|Emulation programs]] for the TurboGrafx-16 exist for several modern and retro operating systems and architectures and are at varying levels of emulation ranging from beta stage, to near perfect emulation of all PC Engine and TurboGrafx-16 formats.
+* The complete series was first released in the USA on eleven volumes of [[VHS]] tapes in 1989. For the UK, seven volumes (1x4 episodes and 6x3 episodes on PAL [[VHS]]) from [[CIC Video]] completed the series (Released in 1992 in the UK). Although CIC-Taft Australia negotiated an Australasian release, they did not proceed with their plans.
+* A boxed set of the complete series on [[LaserDisc]] was released for the US market in 1990, then re-released in 1997.
+* A Region 1 (USA) [[Box set|DVD box set]] of the show was released on November 21, 2006, and has since been released internationally for other Regions. It was the last series of Paramount's ''Star Trek'' television franchise to be released to DVD.
+* The series was added to Netflix streaming on September 2, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Star Trek: TAS announced on Netflix Twitter account|url=https://twitter.com/instant_netflix/status/109469397462171649}}</ref>
+* A Blu-ray release in HD was released as part of the "STAR TREK 50th Anniversary TV and Movie Collection" in the USA on September 6, 2016.
+* A standalone Blu-ray release was released on November 15, 2016.
 ==See also==
-*[[List of PC Engine games]]
+{{Portal|Star Trek|Television|Animation}}
-*[[List of TurboGrafx-16 games]]
+*[[List of animated spin-offs from prime time shows]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|30em}}
+=== Bibliography ===
+{{Refbegin}}
+* {{cite book|last=Alexander|first=David| title = Star Trek Creator: The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry| url = | date = February 16, 1995| publisher = Roc| isbn = 0-451-45440-5|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Ayers|first=Jeff|title=Voyages of the Imagination: The Star Trek Fiction Companion|publisher=Pocket Books|year=2006|isbn=1-4165-0349-8|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Okuda|first=Mike|authorlink=Mike Okuda|author2=Okuda, Denise |title=Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future|isbn=0-671-53610-9|publisher=Pocket Books|year=1996|ref=harv}}
+{{Refend}}
 ==External links==
-{{Commons category|PC Engine}}
+{{Commons category}}
-* [http://www.pcengine.co.uk The PC Engine Software Bible] software listing including reviews and videos.
+*{{IMDb title|0069637|Star Trek: The Animated Series}}
-* [http://www.pc-engine.co.uk PC-Engine] definitive hardware listing for all PC Engine and Turbo Grafx systems.
+*{{bcdb|Filmation_Associates/S-Z/Star_Trek|Star Trek: The Animated Series}}
-* [http://archaicpixels.com Archaic Pixels] contains the most extensive compendium of TurboGrafx-16 technical information.
+*{{tv.com show|star-trek-the-animated-series|Star Trek: The Animated Series}}
-* [http://www.turboviews.com TurboGrafx-16] overview and review show!
+{{Memoryalpha article|Star_Trek:_The_Animated_Series|''Star Trek: The Animated Series''}}
-* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBv_L4AsMUI Video of TurboGrafx-16] and PC Engine hardware and features from [http://famicomdojo.tv/season2/ FamicomDojo.TV]
+*{{URL|http://memorybeta.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Animated_Series|''Star Trek: The Animated Series''}} at [[Memory Beta]]
+*{{URL|http://www.startrek.com/page/star-trek-the-animated-series|''Star Trek: The Animated Series''}} at StarTrek.com
+*{{URL|http://www.startrekanimated.com/tas_main.html|''StarTrekAnimated.com''}}
+*{{URL|http://tas.trekcore.com|''Star Trek: The Animated Series''}} at TrekCore.com
+*{{URL|http://www.danhausertrek.com/AnimatedSeries/Main.html|''Guide to the Animated Star Trek''}} at danhausertrek.com
+*{{URL|http://www.ex-astris-scientia.org/tas.htm|''Star Trek: The Animated Series''}} at Ex Astris Scientia
+*{{URL|http://andorfiles.blogspot.com/2009/10/toon-trek.html|''Toon Trek: References to TAS in the Licensed Tie-ins''}}
+*{{URL|https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/arts/television/03vinc.html|''Star Trek, the Forgotten Frontier: 1970s Animation''}}, ''New York Times'' DVD review
+{{Star Trek: The Animated Series|state=expanded}}
+{{Star Trek navbox}}
+{{Star Trek TOS}}
+{{Gene Roddenberry}}
+{{Children's programming on NBC in the 1970s}}
+{{Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Series}}
-{{NEC video game consoles}}
+{{Authority control}}
-{{Fourth generation game consoles}}
-{{Home video game consoles}}
-[[Category:1980s toys]]
+[[Category:Star Trek: The Animated Series| ]]
-[[Category:1990s toys]]
+[[Category:1970s American animated television series]]
-[[Category:CD-ROM-based consoles]]
+[[Category:1973 American television series debuts]]
-[[Category:Home video game consoles]]
+[[Category:1974 American television series endings]]
-[[Category:Fourth-generation video game consoles]]
+[[Category:NBC network shows]]
-[[Category:NEC consoles]]
+[[Category:American children's action television series]]
-[[Category:Products introduced in 1987]]
+[[Category:American children's adventure television series]]
-[[Category:TurboGrafx-16| ]]
+[[Category:American children's animated television series]]
+[[Category:American children's fantasy television series]]
+[[Category:American children's science fiction television series]]d
+[[Category:Star Trek television series|Animated series]]
+[[Category:Television series by Filmation]]
+[[Category:Television series by CBS Television Studios]]
+[[Category:Sequel television series]]
+[[Category:Television spin-offs]]
+[[Category:Television series set in the 23rd century]]
+[[Category:Animated space adventure television series]]
+[[Category:Television series created by Gene Roddenberry]]
+[[Category:English-language television programs]]
+[[Category:1970s American science fiction television series]]